• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• v.42 no.3
• /
• pp.309-317
• /
• 2014

Harvested wood products (HWP) are known as products from the tree such as sawn wood, plywood, particle board, structural lumber, wooden interior material, wooden furniture, and paper products. Because carbon is locked up in the HWP until eventual end-use of HWP, HWP played a role as the carbon storage which has the effect of stabilizing the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. For these reasons, the suggestion that it must admit the carbon storage effect of HWP has been constantly raised. In 2011, the 17th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) which was held in Durban, South Africa, assigned "Production Approach" which targets only the HWP producted by using round wood of domestic forestry as a official method for carbon accounting. Therefore, it is necessary that each country has to determine the half-life of wood in order to correspond to the discussions and negotiations between countries in the future and to develop an inventory of product-specific domestic wood. In this study, some countries' examples of the methods and conditions for determining half-life of HWP were investigated, and it was tried to derive the factor and methodology to determine half-life span of domestic HWP appropriately.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
• /
• v.6 no.1
• /
• pp.9-16
• /
• 2000

This study was carried out with 436 college students in Chungnam to investigate the relationship between residences and eating patterns of college students. The subjects were devided into two groups; those who live in self-boarding house(SB) and home with parents(HWP). The results were as follows. An average height, weight and BMI were 173.5cm, 66.0kg and 21.9 in male SB and 161.8cm, 50.2kg and 19.2 in female SB and 172.9cm, 67.6kg and 22.6 in male HWP and 161.2cm, 50.9kg and 19.6 in female HWP, respectively. There were no significant differences in the general characteristics between the SB and the HWP. The proportions of disease possession, vitamin/mineral supplements and physical exercise were not significantly different between two groups by residences. Sleeping time of the SB was longer than that of the HWP. And, frequency of cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking of the SB were higher than those of the HWP. The proportions of skipping meals in the SB were higher than those in the HWP. Approximately 40.42% of the SB tended to skip the breakfast, while 11.26% of the HWP did. It turns out that the most common reason why skipped meals was due to a eating habit(44.21%) in the SB and a lack of time(48.85%) in the HWP, respectively. The survey shows that while a great majority of the SB had lunch at campus(50.00%) and home(30.00%), the HWP ate lunch at campus(33.79%) and restaurant(33.33%). About 48% of the SB ate out more than 2-3 times a week compared to 42% of the HWP. The daily intakes of calcium, iron, vitamin A, vitamin $B_2$, niacin and vitamin C in the SB were significantly higher than those in the HWP. The percent RDAs of calcium and iron intakes were lower in female students than in male students. In conclusions, students of self-boarding had more dietary problems than students of home with parents. These results suggest that college students of self-boarding might have low ability of meal management. Therefore, nutrition education for college students is needed, and menus of campus cafeterias should be developed to meet the various needs of students.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.96 no.6
• /
• pp.644-651
• /
• 2007

This study compared and estimated the changes in carbon stocks and emissions of harvested wood products (HWP) by applying FAO statistics and domestic statistics for Korean HWP production, import, and export volume, which is almost always supposed to be included in the carbon emissions and removals inventory by country in negotiations since the 2nd commitment period (2013~2017) of the Kyoto Protocol, for assessing the changes in carbon stocks and emissions of HWP. As a result, when applying FAO statistics to the changes in carbon stocks of HWP as of 2005, stock-change approach (SCA) was estimated at 1.434 Tg C, atmospheric-flow approach (AFA) -1.330 Tg C, and production approach (PA) 0.597 Tg C. When applying Korean statistics, SCA was estimated at 1.246 Tg C, AFA -11.520 Tg C, and PA 0.444 Tg C. When applying FAO statistics to $CO_2$ emissions and removals from HWP, SCA showed a decrease of $-5,258Gg\;CO_2$ (removals), AFA showed an increase of $4,877Gg\;CO_2$ (emissions), and PA showed a decrease of $-2,189Gg\;CO_2$ (removals). When applying Korean statistics, SCA showed a decrease of $-4,569Gg\;CO_2$ (removals), AFA showed an increase of $5,573Gg\;CO_2$ (emissions), and PA showed a decrease of $-1,628Gg\;CO_2$, (removals). Therefore, the application of FAO statistics was shown to be more beneficial for the estimation of both the changes in carbon stocks and emissions of HWP by all methods other than that of Korean statistics.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
• /
• v.34 no.1
• /
• pp.71-82
• /
• 2024

With the advancement of information and communication technology (ICT), the use of electronic document types such as PDF, MS Office, and HWP files has increased. Such trend has led the cyber attackers increasingly try to spread malicious documents through e-mails and messengers. To counter such attacks, AI-based methodologies have been actively employed in order to detect malicious document files. The main challenge in detecting malicious HWP(Hangul Word Processor) files is the lack of quality dataset due to its usage is limited in Korea, compared to PDF and MS-Office files that are highly being utilized worldwide. To address this limitation, data augmentation have been proposed to diversify training data by transforming existing dataset, but as the usefulness of the augmented data is not evaluated, augmented data could end up harming model's performance. In this paper, we propose an effective semi-supervised learning technique in detecting malicious HWP document files, which improves overall AI model performance via quantifying the utility of augmented data and filtering out useless training data.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• v.46 no.2
• /
• pp.202-210
• /
• 2018

This study was carried out to quantify degree of contribution of harvested wood product (HWP) on mitigation of climate change by valuation of public benefits, environmentally and economically. The potential carbon dioxide emission reduction of HWP was estimated by accounting carbon storage effect and substitution effect. Based on 2014 statistics of Korea Forest Service, domestic HWPs were sorted by two categories, such as wood products produced domestically from domestic and imported roundwood. The wood products were divided into seven items; sawnwood, plywood, particle board, fiberboard (MDF), paper (including pulp), biomass (wood pellet) and other products. The carbon stock of wood products and substitution effects during manufacturing process was evaluated by items. Based on the relevant carbon emission factor and life cycle analysis, the amount of carbon dioxide emission per unit volume on HWP was quantified. The amounts of carbon stock of HWP produced from domestic and from imported roundwood were 3.8 million $tCO_{2eq}$., and 2.6 million $tCO_{2eq}$., respectively. Also, each reduction of carbon emission by substitution effect of HWP produced from domestic and imported roundwood was 3.1 million $tCO_{2eq}$. and 2.1 million $tCO_{2eq}$., respectively. The results of this study, the amount of carbon emission reduction of HWP, can be effectively used as a basic data for promotion of wood utilization to revise and establish new wood utilization promotion policy such as 'forest carbon offset scheme', and 'carbon storage labeling system of HWP'.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
• /
• v.13 no.4
• /
• pp.311-330
• /
• 2007

The purpose of this study was to analyze the quality of meal and dietary habits of college students according to where they reside. This survey included 260 students and was conducted through questionnaires. The subjects were divided into three groups: first group was composed of students who reside in boarding-houses(BH group, N=72), second was students who reside in self-boarding set up(SB group, N=90), and third was those who lived in the same house with their parents(HWP group, N=98). The average age of the students in the BH, SB, and HWP group were 19.7 yrs, 21.1 yrs, and 21.7 yrs, respectively. There were no significant differences in the weight, height and BMI among the three groups. The BH group had significantly higher frequency of skipping breakfast and smoking than those of the SB and HWP groups. The amount of energy, food, carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals consumed in the BH group were significantly higher than in the SB and HWP groups. Similarly, the NAR(nutrient adequacy ratio), MAR (mean adequacy ratio), ND(nutrient density) and INQ(index of nutritional quality) of the BH group were significantly higher than those in the SB and HWP groups. There was no significant difference in the KDDS(Korean's Diet Diversity Score) between the three groups. From the data obtained, the SB and HWP students appeared to have more dietary problems than the BH students. These results show that nutrition education for SB and HWP students is needed in order for them to learn proper dietary management and help improve the diet of students living in self-boarding arrangements.

• Proceedings of the Korea Multimedia Society Conference
• /
• 2001.11a
• /
• pp.553-558
• /
• 2001

종이책의 디지털 형태인 전자책은 종이책에 비해 인쇄와 유통, 저장 관리가 효율적이고, 인터랙티브한 멀티미디어 정보 표현 등이 가능한 장점을 지니고 있기 때문에 향후 시장이 급성장할 것으로 예측되며, 현재 전자책 시장의 선결 조건인 전자책 문서 표준 및 저작권, 단말기의 해상도 문제 등이 하나씩 해결되어 가고 있다. 그러나 아직까지 전자책의 활성화를 위한 전자책 컨텐츠의 숫자가 많이 부족한 현실이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 전자책 컨텐츠를 확대하기 위하여 기존의 종이책으로 작성된 저작물을 전자책으로 변환하는 기법에 대해 연구한다. 특히 기존 종이책을 저작하는 문서 도구 중에서 가장 대중적이고 사용하기 쉬운 HWP문서와 EBKS 전자책 문서 표준간의 변환 기법에 대해 연구한다. 이 변환 기법은 단순히 HWP 환경에서만 적용가능한 것이 아니라 Quark이나 MS-WORD등의 다른 문서 저작도구에서도 사용가능한 일반적인 방법이다.

• Proceedings of the KSPS conference
• /
• 1996.10a
• /
• pp.320-322
• /
• 1996

The Korean Phonetic Alphabet(KPA) as devised by H. B. Lee on the basis of Han-geul, the Korean Alphabet, was incorporated into the Hangul Word Processor(HWP) 1. $^{*}$ to be used on personal computers. With the upgrading of the HWP software from $1.^{*}$ to more sophisticated versions of $2.^{*}$, $3.^{*}$, etc., it became necessary to convert the HWP $1.^{*}$ KPA into upgraded version. This paper traces the history of the computerized KPA software from the initial version of HWP $1.^{*}$ to the latest one.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
• /
• v.16 no.6
• /
• pp.635-645
• /
• 2006

This study was to analyzed the quality of the meal and the level of nutritional intake in female college students according to the place of residence in female college students. This survey was conducted through questionnaire was given to 359 female students. The subjects were divided into two groups : one group was comprised of those the students who resided in a self-boarding house(SB group, n=245), and the other group comprised of was the student those who resided in the same house with their parents(HWP group, n=114). The mean age of the subjects were 21.6 years old(SB) and 20.6 years old(HWP)(p<0.05). The average height, weight and BMI were 161.8 cm, 57.9 kg, $20.3kg/m^2$ in the SB group and 161.9 cm, 53.4 kg, $20.3kg/m^2$ in HWP group, respectively. The SB group had significantly higher frequency of skipping breakfast and alcohol drinking consumption than the HWP group. There was no significant differences in the mean daily energy intakes between the SB and the HWP groups. However, the plant protein(p<0.01), carbohydrate (p<0.05), vitamin $B_1$(p<0.01), vitamin $B_2$(p<0.05), vitamin C(p<0.01), plant calcium(p<0.01) and potassium(p<0.05) intakes were significantly lower in the SB group were lower than the intakes in the HWP group significantly. And in addition, the cereals(p<0.05) and fruits(p<0.001) intakes in the SB group were significantly lower than the intakes in the HWP group. There was no significant differences in the KDDS and DVS between the two groups, but there was a decreasing trending downward. For that reason, the SB students seemed appeared to have more dietary problems than the HWP students. These results suggest that nutritional education for SB students are is needed in order to supply the lack of management capability on the proper help improve the diet of students living in independently life.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.95 no.4
• /
• pp.405-414
• /
• 2006

Korea is expected to be included in the countries of compulsory reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from the 2nd commitment period (2013~2017). For the negotiations in the future, this study was designed to review the tendency of discussions about carbon account in harvested wood products (HWP), which is currently underway around the globe and approach-specific characteristics, and analyze effects on carbon emissions in our country. As a result, most importantly, except the current IPC default approach there is no big difference among the 3 approaches of carbon account in HWP, which were newly suggested on the basis importers because all the HWP circulated at home are accounted for by carbon-stock changes. Under production approach, those HWP produced at home only are evaluated according to carbon-stock changes with the exception of imported HWP. Atmospheric-flow approach is favorable to net wood exporters, because the spot where ultimate decomposition and combustion arising out of the use of HWP occur is regarded as the place of carbon emission. Meanwhile, the estimation of korean carbon-stock change in HWP showed that as of 2004, stock-change approach was 1.567 Tg C, with production approach being 0.581 Tg C and atmospheric-flow approach being -1.425 Tg C, which means stock-change approach is most favorable to Korea as a net wood importer, while atmospheric-flow approach is the least favorable one, in terms of carbon emissions reduction in Korea.