• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.400-403
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in proximate composition, free sugars, amino acids, fatty acids and Hunter color vaules between fresh and odorless garlic. The contents of crude fiber, crude fat and ash in odorless garlic were silmilar to those in fresh garlic. Sugars and crude protein decreased during manufacture of odorless garlic. Among the free sugars, sucrose, maltose and fructose decreased in odorless garlic, while the content of glucose increased. Total amino acid content decreased by about 30% in odorless garlic. Among the amino acids decreased arginine, isoleucine etc. The contents of linoleic acid, palmitic acid and oleic acid were higher than those of other fatty acids in fresh garlic and odorless garlic, but laruric acid was in little quantity. There were no singnificant differences in the Hunter L and b value between the fresh and odorless garlic, but value for greeness(-a) was lower in odorless garlic.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.595-601
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• 2010

We investigated the effects of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) treatment (0, 0.5, and 1.5 ppm) for 16 hours, followed by storage at ambient temperature, on the qualities of pears (Pyrus pyrifolia c.v. "Hwasan"). Color differences, as measured using the Hunter L, a, and b values, showed the greatest decreases before storage, and 8 weeks after storage, when fruit was exposed to 1.5 ppm 1-MCP. The sensory qualities of c.v. "Hwasan" pears were good until 4 weeks of storage after treatment with 0 ppm 1-MCP, until 6 weeks when 0.5 ppm 1-MCP was employed, and until 7 weeks when 1.5 ppm 1-MCP treatment was performed. Fruit and storage quality in terms of all of hardness, sugar content, PPO activity, respiration amount, and ethylene production increased in the 8 weeks after application of 1.5 ppm 1-MCP. Consequently, it seems that 1-MCP treatment, especially at 1.5 ppm, before storage of pears at ambient temperature, effectively improves the quality of pears of c.v. "Hwasan".

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.638-646
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• 2014

The effects of two levels (1.4 vs 2.8%) of fresh garlic on lipid oxidation and microbial growth in pork patties were evaluated. Hunter color (L, a, b), pH, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), oxidative volatile compounds, total bacteria and Enterobacteriaceae in the pork patties with or without fresh garlic were measured during storage at $4^{\circ}C$. Addition of fresh garlic decreased redness (a), while increased pH and yellowness (b) values of the fresh pork patties were observed, regardless of the levels added. The TBARS values of the pork patties were increased with the addition of fresh garlic (p<0.05). Similar results were observed in oxidative volatile compounds. A total of 13 volatile compounds were detected in the patties (5 sulfur-containing compounds, including allyl mercaptan, allyl methyl sulfide, diallyl sulfide, methyl-(E)-propenyl-disulfide, and diallyl disulfide, and the 8 other oxidative compounds, including 1-pentanol, hexanal, 1-hexanol, heptanal, (E)-2-heptenal, 1-octen-3-ol, (E)-2-octenal and nonanal). Fresh garlic accelerated development of oxidative products in the pork patties, especially hexanal and the total oxidative volatile compounds. However, the addition of 1.4 and 2.8% of fresh garlic inhibited the growth of total bacteria and Enterobacteriaceae, indicating low total bacterial counts and Enterobacteriaceae than the controls.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.252-259
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• 1998

Electron beam, electrically produced from an electron accelerator, was compared with gamma energy in terms of its influence on color and organoleptic qualities of ginseng powders when exposed to the energy used for their microbial decontamination. Hunter color L and b values were suitable for measuring color characteristics of ginseng powders, which were not significantly changed by the exposure to 5 to 7.5 kGy electron beam and gamma energy. Fifty percent ethanol extracts of irradiated ginseng powders at 10 key showed negligible differences from the non-irradiated control in the pattern of absorption spectra at 280∼800 am, but showed increased values in overall color difference (AE) as compared with powdered samples. Irradiation more than 10 kGy and storage at ambient temperature for 4 months caused browning of powdered samples. Irradiation at more than 10 kGy of electron beam was found a critical level to bring about appreciable changes (p<0.05) in or-ganoleptic qualities such as color and odor of sterilized samples, and red ginseng powder was more susceptible than white one to organoleptic changes by irradiation.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.113-118
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• 1995

A preferable mixing ratio of a six-vegetable juice was suggested in this study. The vegetables used for preparation of mixed vegetable juice were carrot(Ct), cabbage(Cg), pear(Pr), cucumber(Cr), celery (Cy) and dongchimi(Di). The characteristics of pH, titratible acidity, reducing sugar, turbidity, solids, color and acceptability were compared to determine the mixing ratio. The vegetables showed a wide ranHe of pH of 3.70-6.01, acidity of 28.92 uv~74.40 nd and reducing sugar of 1.20ft~ 12.69fo. Celery juice showed the higest suspension stability and "b" value and the lowest values in Hunter "L" and "a" values among the 6 vegetable juice. The preferable mixing ratio of two-vegetable juice selected were Ct-Di(1 : 4), Cg-Pr(1 : 3) and Cr-Cy(3 : 1). From the various ratio of the three of biary mixtures of Cg-Pr(1 : 3): Ct-Di(1 : 4): Cr-Sy(3 : 1), two ratio of 5.0 : 2.5 2.5(V-6A) and 6.0 : 2.0 : 2.0(V-6B) were suggested as the most prefered six-vegetable juice. Pear, dongchimi and cucumber were found to be influential on the preference. The pH and titratible acidity of the two juices with different ratios were in the range of 4.92~4.98 and 36.g∼37.4 ml, respectively.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.619-624
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• 2002

To enhance the nutritional quality of the Soboru bread, a dietary fibers extracted from Kombu was added into wheat flour in the amounts of 0, 1, 3, and 5% and the quality of the baked products was characterized. The inherent water holding capacity of the added dietary fibers raised weight of the bread while specific volume and density values were decreased at the same time. Increasing the amount of dietary fiber resulted in the decreased setback time of the raw materials in amylogram. The lower textural hardness of the dietary fiber-enriched bread after one-day storage at room temperature could be attributed to the retarded retrogradation of the starch. Darkened surface of the bread as indicated by the Hunter colorimetric values and the accompanied change in flavor did not significantly influence the sensory evaluation of the products. Judging from texture, taste and overall acceptability of the product, recommended substitution level for the dietary fiber in Soboru bread was 3% or less. Increased intake of the dietary fibers, accompained with more use of seaweed, was expected through the suggested functional bread.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.23 no.4 s.100
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• pp.551-560
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• 2007

This study was performed to determine the optimum ratio of ingredients in the Sulgidduk with barley(Hordeum vulgare L.) sprout powder. A mathematical analytical tool was employed for optimization of the typical ingredients. The canonical form and trace plot showed the affect of each ingredient in the mixture against the final product. Mixture design showed 14 experimental points, including 4 replicates for three independent variables. The three independent variables selected for the experiment were: water($15{\sim}22%$), barley sprout powder($1{\sim}4%$), and sugar($12{\sim}19%$). The optimum responses variables such as color values(L, a, and b), instrumental texture parameters(hardness, gumminess, and chewiness), and sensory characteristics(appearance, color, smell, taste, softness, moistness, and overall acceptability) were evaluated. The Hunter colorimetric L- and a-values of the Sulgidduk decreased with an increasing amount of barley sprout powder. As more barley sprout powder was added, a higher b-value resulted. Textural hardness, gumminess, and chewiness were lowered by the addition of barley sprout powder. The optimum formulation obtained by both numerical and graphical methods showed similar results. The representative optimal ingredient ratio commonly obtained by both methods were: 18.2% water, 2.0% barley sprout powder, and 14.8% sugar.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.76-83
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• 2014

In this study, we have investigated the quality characteristics and antioxidant activities of Rehmannia glutinosa JungKwa (RJ) prepared with different types of sugars (sucrose, isomalto-oligosaccharide, honey or sorbitol). Moisture content was the highest in RJ with honey. The pH level was the highest in RJ with sorbitol, whereas the acidity is the highest in honey. The reducing sugar content is the highest in RJ with honey. The L and a values of Hunter color system showed the highest in RJ with honey, while the b value the highest in RJ with sorbitol. The hardness of texture profile analyses represented the lowest in RJ with sorbitol. Sensory results showed that RJ with sugar was the best in the sensory preference test. The total phenol content was the highest in RJ with honey, while the lowest in RJ with sorbitol. The antioxidant activity determined by $IC_{50}$ values of DPPH and hydroxy radical scavenging activities was the highest in RJ with honey. From these results, it was suggested that RJ with honey show the highest antioxidant activity.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.284-288
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• 1993

Replacement of sucrose with sugar alcohols in high methoxyl pectin(HMP) jellies were studied. HMP jellies were sweetened with 100％ sucrose, 75％ sucrose and 25％ maltitol, 50％ sucrose and 50％ maltitol, and 50％ sucrose, 25％ maltitol, 12.5％ sorbitol and 12.5％ mannitol. The effect of sugar alcohols in HMP jellies were investigted. There was only slight differences in sweetness intersity in HMP jellies. Color(p<0.05), texture(p<0.01) and preference(p<0.01) of 100fl sucrose jelly were significantly higher than other Jellies sweetened with sugar and sugar alcohols mixtures. Hunter's L(lightness), a(redness), b(yellowness) values of 100％, sucrose jellies and jellies substituted with maltitol up to 25％ were not signignificantly different. But as the ratio and the number of sugar alcohols used for substition were increased, L, a and b values had been lowered signigicantly(p<0.01). Instru-mental characteristics of jelly texture were examined. Hardness of 100％ sucrose jelly sweetened with sucrose and 3 kind of sugar alcohols were higher than others(p<0.05). As substitution ratio was higher, springiness and chewiness of HMP jellies were lowered(p<0.01). Springiness of HMP jellies indicated positive correlation with general acceptance of sensory scores at 5％ significant level. Brittleness, gum-miness and cohesiveness in all types of jellies were not significantly different.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.501-505
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• 2011

Soybean powder is a readily-available food ingredient. Furthermore, saltwort powder is an herb with various physiological effects. Therefore, in this study we examined the physiochemical characteristics of soybean dasik prepared with 0, 4, 8, and 12% saltwort powder. We measured Hunter's color values, mechanical characteristics, and sensory qualities. The result of each analysis is as follows. There were not significant differences between the moisture content of the control group and the groups with saltwort powder. The ash content increased while the fat and protein content decreased as the ratio of saltwort powder increased (p<0.001). In the analysis of color differences, the L, a, and b values decreased as the ratio of saltwort powder increased (p<0.001). The hardness (p<0.001) of the groups increased as the ratio of saltwort powder increased, but adhesiveness decreased. Sensory evaluation data showed that softness, hardness, and chewiness decreased while color increased as the ratio of saltwort powder increased. Finally, aroma, sweet taste, nutty taste, and overall acceptability was shown to be best for the 4% addition group.