• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.39-48
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to analyze air temperature decreasing effects by shading and ventilation at micro-scale experiment plots, especially focused on the Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) in outdoor spaces. To monitor the time-serial changes of Dry-bulb Temperature (DT), Globe Temperature (GT) and Relative Humidity (RH) in the wind blocking and shading conditions, Two hexahedral steel frames were established on the open grass field, the dimension of each frame was 1.5m(W)${\times}$1.5m(L)${\times}$1.5m(H). Four vertical side of one frame was covered by transparent polyethylene film to prevent wind passing through (Wind break plot; WP). The top side of the other frame was covered with shading curtain which intercept 95% of solar light and energy (Shading plot; SP). And, Another vertical steel frame without any treatment preventing ventilation and sunlight was set up, which represents natural conditions (Control plot; CP). The major findings were as follows; 1. The average globe temperature (GT) was highest at WP showing $50.94^{\circ}C$ and lowest at SP showing $34.58^{\circ}C$. The GT of natural condition (SP) was $42.31^{\circ}C$ locating the midst between WP and SP. The difference of GT of each plot was about $8-16^{\circ}C$, which means the ventilation and shading has significant effect on decreasing the temperature. 2. WP showed the highest average dry-bulb temperature (DT) of $38.41^{\circ}C$ which apparently differ from SP and CP showing $31.94^{\circ}C$ and $33.15^{\circ}C$ respectively. The DT of SP and CP were nearly the same. 3. The average relative humidity (RH) was lowest at WP showing 15.21%, but SP and CP had similar RH 28.79%, 28.02% respectively. 4. The average of calculated WBGT were the highest at the WP ($27.61^{\circ}C$) and the lowest at the SP ($23.64^{\circ}C$). The CP ($25.49^{\circ}C$) was in the middle of the others. As summery, compared with natural condition (CP), the wind blocking increased about $2.11^{\circ}C$ WBGT, but the shading decreased about $1.84^{\circ}C$ WBGT. So It can be apparently said that the open space with much shading trees, sheltering furnitures and well-delivered wind corridor can reduce useless and even harmful energy for human outdoor activity considerably in outdoor spaces.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.456-464
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• 2020

Mast cells (MCs) are systemically distributed and secrete several allergic mediators such as histamine and leukotrienes to cause type I hypersensitivity. Dasatinib is a type of anti-cancer agent and it has also been reported to inhibit human basophils. However, dasatinib has not been reported for its inhibitory effects on MCs or type I hypersensitivity in mice. In this study, we examined the inhibitory effect of dasatinib on MCs and MC-mediated allergic response in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, dasatinib inhibited the degranulation of MCs by antigen stimulation in a dose-dependent manner (IC₅₀, ~34 nM for RBL-2H3 cells; ~52 nM for BMMCs) without any cytotoxicity. It also suppressed the secretion of inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and TNF-α by antigen stimulation. Furthermore, dasatinib inhibited MC-mediated passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) in mice (ED₅₀, ~29 mg/kg). Notably, dasatinib significantly suppressed the degranulation of MCs in the ear tissue. As the mechanism of its effect, dasatinib inhibited the activation of Syk and Syk-mediated downstream signaling proteins, LAT, PLCγ1, and three typical MAP kinases (Erk1/2, JNK, and p38), which are essential for the activation of MCs. Interestingly, in vitro tyrosine kinase assay, dasatinib directly inhibited the activities of Lyn and Fyn, the upstream tyrosine kinases of Syk in MCs. Taken together, dasatinib suppresses MCs and PCA in vitro and in vivo through the inhibition of Lyn and Fyn Src-family kinases. Therefore, we suggest the possibility of repositioning the anti-cancer drug dasatinib as a treatment for various MC-mediated type I hypersensitive diseases.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.325-334
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• 2013

The objective of this study was to compare the content and metabolic activities between fresh pine needle juice (PNJ) and fermented pine needle juice (FPNJ). A variety of factors were measured, including total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activity [DPPH radical scavenging activity (RSA), total radical-trapping antioxidant potential (TRAP), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), cellular antioxidant capacity (CAC)], anti-genotoxic activity, ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activity, and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity. The TPC was $17.3{\pm}0.2$ and $4.6{\pm}0.0$ mg GAE/g in PNJ and FPNJ, respectively. The DPPH RSA, TRAP, and ORAC values increased in a dose-dependent manner for both PNJ and FPNJ, with significantly higher activities in PNJ than FPNJ. The CAC against AAPH-induced oxidative stress in HepG2 cells was protected by both PNJ and FPNJ. Pretreatment with PNJ and FPNJ in human leukocytes produced significant reductions in $H_2O_2$-induced DNA damage at a concentration of $50{\mu}g/mL$. ${\alpha}$-Glucosidase inhibitory activity was significantly higher in FPNJ than PNJ. The ACE inhibitory activity was about 87.1% and 60.0% in 1:1 diluted PNJ and FPNJ, respectively. This study suggests that the fermentation of PNJ could enhance the regulation of blood glucose metabolism and both PNJ and FPNJ might be a new potential source of natural antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and anti-hypertensive agents applicable to food.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.183-189
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• 2012

In this study, the cellular protective effect and antioxidative property of peanut sprout root extracts were investigated. Cellular protective effects of peanut sprout root extracts on the rose-bengal sensitized photohemolysis of human erythrocytes were investigated. The ethyl acetate fraction of extracts exhibited a cellular protective effect in a concentration dependent manner. Particularly, the aglycone fraction of extracts showed prominent cellular protective effects in a concentration range (5~50 ${\mu}g/mL$). They are more effective than that of (+)-${\alpha}$-tocopherol, known as a lipid peroxidation chain blocker. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activities ($OSC_{50}$) of peanut sprout root extracts on ROS generated in $Fe^{3+}$-EDTA/$H_2O_2$ system were investigated using the luminol-dependent chemiluminescence assay. The ethyl acetate fraction of extracts ($OSC_{50}$; 1.59 ${\mu}g/mL$) showed a similar ROS scavenging activity compare with that of L-ascorbic acid (1.50 ${\mu}g/mL$), known as a strong antioxidant. On the other hand, the order of free radical (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydraxyl, DPPH) scavenging activity ($FSC_{50}$) was (+)-${\alpha}$-tocopherol > 80% MeOH extract > aglycone fraction > ethyl acetate fraction. These results indicate that peanut sprout root extracts can function as an antioxidant in biological systems, particularly skin exposed to solar UV radiation by scavenging $^1O_2$ and other ROS, and to protect cellular membranes against ROS.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.91-109
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• 2022

The ocean is a significant sink for atmospheric anthropogenic CO₂, absorbing one-third of the total CO₂ emitted by human activities. In return, oceans have experienced significant declines in seawater pH and the aragonite saturation state also called ocean acidification. This study evaluates the distribution of aragonite saturation state, an indicator to assess the potential threat from ocean acidification, by combining newly obtained data from the west coast of South Korea with previous datasets covering the Yellow Sea, East Sea, northern South China Sea, and southeast coast of South Korea. In general, offshore waters absorb atmospheric CO₂; however, most of the collected water samples show aragonite oversaturation. On the southeast coast, the aragonite saturation state was significantly affected by river discharge and associated variables, such as freshwater input with nutrients, seasonal stratification, biological carbon fixation, and bacterial remineralization. In summer, hypoxia and mixing with relatively acidic freshwater made the Jinhae and Gwangyang Bays undersaturated with respect to aragonite, possibly threatening marine organisms with CaCO₃ shells. However, widespread aragonite undersaturation was not observed on the west coast, which receives considerable river water discharge. In addition, occasional upwelling events may have worsened the ocean acidification in the southwestern part of the East Sea. These results highlight the importance of investigating site-specific ocean acidification processes in coastal waters. Along with the above-mentioned seasonal factors, the dissolution of atmospheric CO₂ and the deposition of atmospheric acidic substances will continue to reduce the aragonite saturation state in Korean waters. To protect marine ecosystems and resources, an ocean acidification monitoring program should be established for Korean waters.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.359-370
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to test the performance of the recommended summer dressing for office man through the analysis of skin temperature changes by air-conditioning temperature. We tested two clothing combinations; formal wear with necktie and casual shirts without necktie as for Cool mapsi. 4 male subjects sat to stabilize for thirty minutes after entering artificial-climate chamber with both temperature of $25^{\circ}C$, $27^{\circ}C$ and $50{\pm}10%$ R.H. And during 60 minute experiments of simulating office work, the subjective feelings including thermal, humidity and comfort sensation, skin temperature, clothing humidity and sweat amount were measured at the equal intervals. The result is that formal wear of $25^{\circ}C$ and Cool mapsi of $27^{\circ}C$ show good values such as low skin temperature, low clothing humidity and neutral thermal sensation. And Cool mapsi of $25^{\circ}C$ shows the risk of low rectal temperature for long and static energy level of office work. Formal wear of $27^{\circ}C$ shows high values of mean skin temperature, clothing humidity and thermal sensation. Second experiment was to find the ambient temperature when the subject wearing formal wear shows the skin temperature corresponding to which he shows on Cool mapsi of $27^{\circ}C$. The air-conditioning temperature on wearing formal wear has to be $2^{\circ}C$ lower to produce the corresponding skin temperature to which shows on wearing Cool mapsi of $27^{\circ}C$. Therefore it is possible to increase room temperature to $27^{\circ}C$, when wear Cool mapsi for summer office, for skin temperature and thermal sensation are produced the same.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.7
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• pp.938-947
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• 2016

Antioxidant activities and neuroprotective effects of ethyl acetate fraction from Dendropanax morbifera (EFDM) against high glucose-induced oxidative stress and neurotoxicity were investigated to confirm their physiological activities. An 80% ethanolic extract of D. morbifera showed the highest contents of total phenolic compounds as well as 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activities. The extract was fractionated using several solvents, and the ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest activities in ferric reducing/antioxidant power and malondialdehyde inhibitory assays. To evaluate the neuroprotective effect based on antioxidant activities, cell viability was assessed using PC12 and MC-IXC cells in $H_2O_2$- and high glucose-induced cytotoxic assays, respectively. EFDM evidently showed neuroprotective effects in all cells (neuron-like PC12 cells and human brain-originated neuroblastoma MC-IXC cells). Inhibitory effect of the extract on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) as an acetylcholine-hydrolyzing enzyme was performed to examine the effect on cognitive function. EFDM presented an AChE inhibitory effect. Finally, high-performance liquid chromatography analysis showed that the major phenolic compound of EFDM is probably a rutin.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.106-120
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• 2018

Since 2018, the production and sales of ram-milk cheese ripened for over 60 days has been permitted in South Korea. Hence, this study aimed to examine the microbiological changes in 7 different types of Gouda cheese. During the aging period, traditional raw-milk Gouda Cheeses 1 and 2 did not contain Salmonella spp. during the 60-day storage period and no E. coli after 20-day storage. Coliform bacteria were not detected in Cheese 1 after 40 days; however, they were detected in Cheese 2 up to 60 days. Salmonella spp. were inhibited during the 60-day storage period in Cheese 3 (Salmonella spp.-contaminated raw-milk Gouda cheese), Cheese 4 (Cheese 3 contaminated with lactic acid bacteria DH 5 isolated from Kefir) and Cheese 5 (Cheese 3 contaminated with lactic acid bacteria DN1 isolated from Kefir). In particular, inhibition of Salmonella spp. was more prominent in Cheese 4 and Cheese 5 than in Cheese 3. During 60-day storage, Cheese 6 had a significantly reduced lactic acid bacteria. Furthermore, in Cheese 7, E. coli, E. Salmonella ssp. were rarely detected, and lactic acid bacteria were slightly greater in Cheese 7 than in other cheeses during the 60-day period. Moreover, all samples from Cheese 1 to Cheese 7 were not contaminated with Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens, and E. coli O157:H7.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.255-263
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• 2017

In this study, the antioxidant activities, cellular protective effects, and inhibitory effects on elastase of non-fermented and fermented extracts of Parthenocissus tricuspidata (P. tricuspidata) stem using Lactobacillus pentosus were investigated. The free radical scavenging activities ($FSC_{50}$) of non-fermented and fermented extracts were 42.3 and $34.5{\mu}g/mL$, respectively, in which the activity after fermentation was approximately 18.4% higher. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activities ($OSC_{50}$) in $Fe^{3+}-EDTA/H_2O_2$ system of non-fermented and fermented extracts were 2.6 and $2.5{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. The activity after fermentation was approximately 4.2% higher. In the $^1O_2$-induced cellular damage of erythrocytes, the cellular protective effects (${\tau}_{50}$) of non-fermented and fermented extracts were 126.4 and 173.0 min at $50{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. The activity after fermentation was approximately 34.0% higher. The effect of fermented extract was 3.9 times higher than $(+)-{\alpha}$-tocopherol (${\tau}_{50}=43.4min$), known as a lipophilic antioxidant at $50{\mu}g/mL$. The inhibitory effect of elastase was investigated to predict the anti-wrinkle efficacy using Hs68 human fibroblasts cells. The elastase inhibitory activities ($IC_{50}$) of non-fermented and fermented extracts were 873.6 and $687.8{\mu}g/mL$, respectively, and the activity after fermentation was approximately 21.3% higher. These results indicated that fermented extract of P. tricuspidata stem has potentials as natural cosmetic ingredients with antioxidant and anti-wrinkle effect.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.203-214
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• 2000

Porphyromonas gingivalis has been implicated in periodontal diseases. Accumulating evidence suggests that cardiovascular disease is the most prevalent medical problem in patients with periodontal diseases. In order to check the possibility that P. gingivalis is involved in coronary heart disease, the present study was performed to observe P. gingivalis adherence and invasion of human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC) and production of cytokines and growth factors by HCAEC upon P. gingivalis infection. $^3H$-labeled P. gingivalis 381 was incubated with HCAEC for 90 min. The radioactivity of the washed HCAEC was a measure of the absorbed (adhering and invading) P. gingivalis. The absorption radioactivity of the HCAEC infected by P. gingivalis was determined to be 59.58% of the input bacterial cells. In contrast, the absorption radioactivity of the cells infected by S. gordonii Challis which was employed as a control was negligible (0.59%). DPG3, a P. gingivalis mutant defective of fimbriae, appeared to be impaired to some extent in capability of adherence/invasion as compared to that of the parental strain 381, showing 43.04% of the absorption radioactivity. The absorption radioactivity of the HCAEC infected by P. gingivalis 381 in the presence of excessive fimbriae at the concentrations of $50\;{\mu}g$ and $100\;{\mu}g/ml$ was 57.27 and 45.44%, respectively. Invasion of HCAEC by P. gingivalis 381 was observed by an antibiotic (metronidazole) protection assay and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In the antibiotic protection assay, invasion by the bacterium was measured to be 0.73, 1.09, and 1.51% of the input bacterial cells after incubation for 30, 60, and 90 min, respectively. Invasion by DPG3 was shown to be 0.16% after 90-min incubation. In comparison of invasion efficiency at 90 min of the incubation, the invasion efficiency of DPG3 was 0.37% while that of its parental strain 381 was 2.54%. The immunoblot analysis revealed fimbriae of P. gingivalis did not interact with the surface of HCAEC. These results suggest that fimbriae are not the major contribution to the adherence of P. gingivalis to HCAEC but may be important in the invasion of HCAEC by the bacterium. The presence of cytochalasin D ($1\;{\mu}g/ml$) and staurosporine ($1\;{\mu}M$) reduced the invasion of HCAEC by P. gingivalis 381 by 78.86 and 53.76%, respectively, indicating that cytoskeletal rearrangement and protein kinase of HCAEC are essential for the invasion. Infection of P. gingivalis induced HCAEC to increase the production of TNF-${\alpha}$. by 60.6%. At 90 min of the incubation, the HCAEC infected with P. gingivalis cells was apparently atypical in the shape, showing loss of the nuclear membrane and subcellular organelles. The overall results suggest that P. gingivalis may cause coronary heart disease by adhering to and invading endothelial cells, and subsequently damaging the cells.