• BMB Reports
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• v.53 no.5
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• pp.284-289
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• 2020

Tamoxifen, a nonsteroidal estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist, is used routinely as a chemotherapeutic agent for ER-positive breast cancer. However, it is also causes side effects, including retinotoxicity. The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) has been recognized as the primary target of tamoxifen-induced retinotoxicity. The RPE plays an essential physiological role in the normal functioning of the retina. Nonetheless, potential therapeutic agents to prevent tamoxifen-induced retinotoxicity in breast cancer patients have not been investigated. Here, we evaluated the action mechanisms of sulfasalazine against tamoxifen-induced RPE cell death. Tamoxifen induced reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated autophagic cell death and caspase-1-mediated pyroptosis in RPE cells. However, sulfasalazine reduced tamoxifen-induced total ROS and ROS-mediated autophagic RPE cell death. Also, mRNA levels of tamoxifen-induced pyroptosis-related genes, IL-1β, NLRP3, and procaspase-1, also decreased in the presence of sulfasalazine in RPE cells. Additionally, the mRNA levels of tamoxifen-induced AMD-related genes, such as complement factor I (CFI), complement factor H (CFH), apolipoprotein E (APOE), apolipoprotein J (APOJ), toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), were downregulated in RPE cells. Together, these data provide novel insight into the therapeutic effects of sulfasalazine against tamoxifen-induced RPE cell death.

• Carbon letters
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• v.26
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• pp.43-50
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• 2018

In this research, a novel and efficient quinoline thioacetamide functionalized magnetic graphene oxide composite ($GO@Fe_3O_4@QTA$) was synthesized and utilized for dispersive magnetic solid phase preconcentration of Cd(II) and Ni(II) ions in urine and various food samples. A number of diverse methods were employed for characterization of the new nanosorbent. The design of experiments approach and response surface methodology were applied to monitor and find the parameters that affect the extraction performance. After sorption and elution steps, the concentrations of target analytes were measured by employing FAAS. The highest extraction performance was achieved under the following experimental conditions: pH, 5.8; sorption time, 6.0 min; $GO@Fe_3O_4@QTA$ amount, 17 mg; 2.4 mL $1.1mol\;L^{-l}$ $HNO_3$ solution as the eluent and elution time, 13.0 min. The detection limit is 0.02 and $0.2ng\;mL^{-1}$ for Cd(II), and Ni(II) ions, respectively. The accuracy of the new method was investigated by analyzing two certified reference materials (sea food mix, Seronorm LOT NO 2525 urine powder). The interfering study revealed that there are no interferences from commonly occurring ions on the extractability of target ions. Finally, the new method was satisfactorily employed for rapid extraction and determination of target ions in urine and various food samples.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1997.04a
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• pp.117-117
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• 1997

Sandimmune Neoral$\^$(R)/ and Neoplanta$\^$(R)/ capsules were administered to twenty four healthy Korean male subjects at a cyclosporin A (CsA) dose of 175 mg in a 2 ${\times}$ 2 crossover investigation with a two-week wash-out phase. Concentrations of CsA in blood were measured by RIA method for over a period of 48 h. Result : The two formulations were found bioequivalent, but analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated that there is a significant (p<0.01) period effect in AUC$\_$0-LAST/ (area under the blood concentration above assay limit of quantification-time curve) and C$\_$MAX/ (maximum blood concentration) between the administrations. Paired t-test revealed 6 and 9% decreases in AUC$\_$0-LAST/ and C$\_$MAX/, respectively at the second administration. This period effect on the pharmacokinetics of CsA may be relevant for the patients who need consecutive administration of the drug. A number of mechanisms, such as induction of the enzymes responsible for metabolism of the drug in the gut wall and/or liver and modulation of P-glycoprotein upon the consecutive dosing, appear consistent with the change, and needs experimental proof.

• Computational Structural Engineering : An International Journal
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.59-69
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• 2001

This study is intended to propose a systematic approach for reliability-based assessment of life cycle cost (LCC) effectiveness and economic efficiency for cost-effective seismic upgrading of existing bridges. The LCC function is expressed as the sum of the upgrading cost and all the discounted life cycle damage costs, which is formulated as a function of the Park-Ang damage index and structural damage probability. The damage costs are expressed in terms of direct damage costs such as repair/replacement costs, human losses and property damage costs, and indirect damage costs such as road user costs and indirect regional economic losses. For dealing with a variety of uncertainties associated with earthquake loads and capacities, a simulation-based reliability approach is used. The SMART-DRAIN-2DX, which is a modified version of the well-known DRAIN-2DX, is extended by incor-porating LCC analysis based on the LCC function developed in the study. Economic efficiencies for optimal seismic upgradings of the continuous PC segmental bridges are assessed using the proposed LCC functions and benefit-cost ratio.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.310-319
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• 2001

To compare skin irritation and cytotoxicity of anti-wrinkle agents, we examined skin irritation of six anti-wrinkle agents (ascorbic acid, glycolic acid, all trans-retinoic acid, ginseng extract, retinol, EB) in New Zealand white rabbit. Cytotoxicity of these agents was determined by MTT [tetrazolium salt 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide] at multi-time points in cultured HaCaT cell, a human immortalized keratinocyte cell. We then analyzed correlation between skin irritation and cytotoxicity by spearman's rank correlation analysis. All trans-retinoic acid showed the highest primary irritation index (0.92) in skin irritation test. Being all the six agents not irritant, retinal showed the most cytotoxic agents. The correlation between skin irritation and cytotoxicity ($IC_{50}$/ at different time point was 0.814, 0.757, 0.814 and 0.7 at 3, 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively. We also fecund that IC$_{20}$ and IC$_{80}$ of these agents showed similar correlation with skin irritation. These results therefore demonstrated that there is close correlation between skin irritation and cytotoxicity $IC_{50}$/ value by MTT in HaCaT cell at early time points by anti-wrinkle agents or IC$_{20}$ value. $IC_{50}$/ at earily time point or IC$_{20}$ values may be reliable alternative determinant of skin irritation.n.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.45-53
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• 1993

It is known that human saliva includes various kinds of salivaru proteins that show genetic polymorphism. Withrespect to salivary protein polymorphism, this study was conducted on 160 healthy Koreans between the ages of 20 and 29 chosen randomly : their parotid slaiva was collected, freeze-dried, and horizontally electrophoresed over acid-urea starch gel. Aluminum lactate-lactic acid was also used as buffer solution. The gel was stained with amidoblack 10B/1% acetic acid solution, and then destained with 0.5M H2SO4 solution. Accordingly, the parotid middle-band protein(Pm) identified, and its phenotypes and gene frequency were obtained. The obtined results were as follows : 1. The phenotypes of parotid middle band protein(Pm) observed in parotid saliva of the 160 Koreans were Pm(+) in 91 people (56.9%) and Pm(-) in 69 people (43.1%) 2. The gene frequency of Pm+ was 0.343, and that of Pm-waw 0.657. 3. The gene frequency of parotid middle band protein (Pm) obtained from Korean's parotid saliva was midway between that of Japanese and Chinese.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.33 no.12
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• pp.3963-3970
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• 2012

Headspace (HS) and headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) were studied for extracting volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from whole blood, with chemical and instrumental variables being optimized for maximum sensitivity: incubation at $60^{\circ}C$, equilibration for 30 min, pH 11, and 2 mL injection volume. Both techniques provided accurate analyses, with detection limits of 0.05-0.1 ng $mL^{-1}$ and 0.05-0.5 ng $mL^{-1}$. HS showed better sensitivity, reproducibility, and analysis times than HS-SPME. Overall levels of chloroform in whole blood were found to be 0.05-5.84 ng $mL^{-1}$; detected levels of benzene were 0.05-2.20 ng $mL^{-1}$.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.188-192
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• 2009

New $\alpha$-pyrones (1 and 2) and cyclohexenones (13 and 14) were isolated along with known analogues (3, 5−12) from the ethyl acetate extract of the whole broth of the fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus, a strain derived from a marine sponge Petrosia sp. Their structures were established by interpretation of 1D and 2D NMR, and FABMS data. It is interesting to isolate cyclohexenone derivatives from the genus Paecilomyces (family Trichocomaceae, order Eurotiales), since these cyclohexenones were previously reported only from far distinct genera, Phoma and Alternaria (family Pleosporaceae, order Pleosporales). Compounds 6, 7, and 9 were evaluated for cytotoxicity against a small panel of human solid tumor cell lines. Their cytotoxicity was insignificant upto a concentration of 30 ${\mu}g/mL$.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.5-14
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• 2008

Objective This study was undertaken to determine the effect of Whallak-tang on expression of CD/cytokine Genes. Methods The expression of CD/Cytokine Genes were examined by cDNA microarray using the human mast cell line(HMC-1). Results The expression of ATP5F1, FLJ20671, unknown, KIAA0342, OAS2, unknown genes were increased in $200{\sim}300%$ range. The expression of unknown, MDS006, IFITM1, MRPL3, ZNF207, FTH1, FBP1, NRGN, NR1H2, KIAA0747 genes were decreased in $0{\sim}33%$ range. Conclusion These results would provide important basic data on the possibility of the clinical treatment of Whallak-tang in musculoskeletal disease.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.59-71
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• 2004

Melanin pigmentation has an essential role in protecting human skin against the damaging effects of ultra violet radiation, infection, environmental factor, etc. However abnormal melanin pigmentation can directly cause a number of congenital and acquired pigmentary skin disease. This study conducted to evaluate the effects of various partition extracts of Codonopsis lanceolata on the melanogenesis in the B 16 melanoma cells. The cells were treated for 3 days with various partition extracts of Codonopsis lanceolata. While treatment with the BuOH partition extract of Codonopsis lanceolata increased significantly the tyrosinase activity and melanin content, the n-Hexane or ethyl acetate partition extract dose-dependently suppressed them compared with untreated control. But ethyl acetate partition significantly decreased the cell viability. The H2O partiton extract at various concentrations did not exhibit any significant change on the melanogenesis. These results indicate that treatment with the n-Hexane partition extract inhibits the melanogenesis in B16 melanoma cells, and raise the possibility that this extract may be effective in the abnormal melanin pigmentation as well as the whitening agent for the skin.