• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.263-271
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to measure the antioxidant activity of yacon root and to manufacture yacon pickles for commercialization as a functional food. The total phenol content in yacon roots were the highest, 29.96 mg GAE/ 100 g, in the ethyl acetate fraction and the DPPH radical scavenging activity and ABTS radical scavenging activity was 37.07%, and 91.60%, respectively, in the ethyl acetate fraction. The optimum recipe for the pickling solution was determined to be vinegar, water and high fructose corn syrup, at 34%, 22% and 44%, respectively. The quality characteristics of yacon pickles using this solution were monitored during storage at $25^{\circ}C$ for 43 days. The pH value decreased to 2.98 (42 days) during storage and $^{\circ}Brix$ gradually increased during storage. The L-value decreased significantly during storage but there were no significant changes detected in the a and b values. No significant changes were detected in the hardness of the yacon pickles. According to the sensory evaluation, no significant changes in taste, texture and overall acceptance of yacon pickle were observed during storage. These results indicated that yacon was an excellent functional food in terms of its antioxidant activity and that pickling might be a promising methods to maintain the taste and quality of yacon during storage.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.19-24
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• 2002

Background: Salvia miltiorrhiza (SM), a traditional oriental medicine, has been reported to have anti-tumor properties, but its exact mechanism remains to be elucidated. In this study, we investigated several of the molecular events that occur in human breast carcinoma MCF-7 cells and human pulmonary adenocarcinoma A549 cells. Methods: For this purpose, we evaluated the growth-inhibitory effect of SM in association with the expressions of p53, p21, cyclin D1, and pRb, which are known to be involved in cell cycle arrest. The extent of thymidine incorporation was also examined to assess G1/S phase cell cycle arrest in both cells by $^3H$-thymidine incorporation. Results: Our results show that SM inhibits the growth and the proliferation of MCF-7 and A549 cells. Furthermore, we also observed increased expression of p21 via a p53-dependent pathway in both cell lines after treating with SM. In addition, treatment with SM for 24 hours caused the suppression of hyperphosphorylated retinoblastoma protein (pRb) expression and the dephosphorylation of pRb. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the growth inhibitory and the anti-proliferation effects of SM on MCF-7 cells and A549 cells are mediated via the decreased expression and dephosphorylation of pRB by p21 up-regulation in a p53-dependent manner. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to report upon the molecular mechanisms involved in SM-induced tumor cell growth inhibition.

• International Journal of Stem Cells
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.93-107
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• 2023

Background and Objectives: Chronic periodontitis can lead to alveolar bone resorption and eventually tooth loss. Stem cells from exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) are appropriate bone regeneration seed cells. To track the survival, migration, and differentiation of the transplanted SHED, we used super paramagnetic iron oxide particles (SPIO) Molday ION Rhodamine-B (MIRB) to label and monitor the transplanted cells while repairing periodontal bone defects. Methods and Results: We determined an appropriate dose of MIRB for labeling SHED by examining the growth and osteogenic differentiation of labeled SHED. Finally, SHED was labeled with 25 ㎍ Fe/ml MIRB before being transplanted into rats. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to track SHED survival and migration in vivo due to a low-intensity signal artifact caused by MIRB. HE and immunohistochemical analyses revealed that both MIRB-labeled and unlabeled SHED could promote periodontal bone regeneration. The colocalization of hNUC and MIRB demonstrated that SHED transplanted into rats could survive in vivo. Furthermore, some MIRB-positive cells expressed the osteoblast and osteocyte markers OCN and DMP1, respectively. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay revealed that SHED could secrete protein factors, such as IGF-1, OCN, ALP, IL-4, VEGF, and bFGF, which promote bone regeneration. Immunofluorescence staining revealed that the transplanted SHED was surrounded by a large number of host-derived Runx2- and Col II-positive cells that played important roles in the bone healing process. Conclusions: SHED could promote periodontal bone regeneration in rats, and the survival of SHED could be tracked in vivo by labeling them with MIRB. SHED are likely to promote bone healing through both direct differentiation and paracrine mechanisms.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.10
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• pp.1507-1516
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• 2002

Meat and bone meal is a valuable protein and mineral source in diets of production animals and contributes to the protein, energy and mineral component of diets. The aim of the present study was to more accurately characterise the apparent ileal amino acid digestibility of meat and bone meals produced in New Zealand and evaluate routine in vitro assays used in practise to measure meat and bone meal quality. A total of 94 commercial meat and bone meals from 25 New Zealand rendering plants over a two and a half year period were analysed for proximates, gross energy, gross amino acid content (incl. hydroxyproline, hydroxylysine and lanthionine), apparent ileal amino acid digestibility, pepsin nitrogen digestibility, protein solubility and bone content. The mean crude protein content of the 94 meat and bone meal samples was 56.8% with a range of >35% units and a coefficient of variation of 9.8%. The mean crude fat and ash content were 10.0 and 28.4% respectively. These latter components showed a large range (16 and 43%, respectively) with coefficients of variation above 22%. Amino acid digestibility between samples was highly variable with lysine and sulphur amino acids digestibility ranging between 45.8-89.0 and 38.2-85.5%, respectively. Pearson correlation coefficients are presented between crude protein content and individual gross amino acids, crude protein content and individual digestible amino acid content, and pepsin N digestibility and individual digestible amino acid content. There was a significant relationship between the digestible amino acid nitrogen content and the crude protein content while pepsin nitrogen digestibility was not correlated to ileal amino acid nitrogen digestibility (r=-0.06). Meat meals with a high protein content had relatively low hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine levels something that was attributed to the levels of collagen from bone. The data indicated that lanthionine (formed upon heat treatment of cysteine with a hydroprotein) is not a good indicator of the heat treatment employed to meat and bone meals. Step-wise multiple regression equations to predict the apparent digestible content of amino acids from rapid in vitro assays are presented. The most selected variables included ash and crude fat content. In general the equations derived for the essential amino acids had a higher degrees of fit (R2) compared to the non-essential amino acids. The R2 for the essential amino acids ranged from 0.43 for histidine and 0.68 for leucine. These equations provide a means of more rapidly estimating the apparent ileal digestible amino acid content (protein quality) of meat and bone meal using standard analyses.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.717-729
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• 1999

Although many studies on the cytotoxicity of the dental cast base metal alloys and their components have been carried out, the results are rather conflicting because of the different type of cells used and the various experimental procedures taken. Recently a number of scientists have claimed that it would be preferable to focus on the use of cells from relevant specific location of the human bodies. Consequently, the primary cultured oral keratinocyte derived from oral mucous along with nickel chloride and several of widely used dental cast base metal alloys(two Ni-Cr alloys and one Co-Cr alloy)in domestic were selected for this study, from which 1) The amounts of released metal ions were determined using atomic absorption spectrometry, 2) The cytotoxicity of nickel chloride and dental cast base metal alloys was evaluated via MTT assay, and finally, 3) The amounts of released metal ions and the cytotoxicity of nickel chloride were correlated with the cytotoxicity of dental cast base metal alloys And, the results were summarized as follows; 1. Nickel ion from Ni-Cr alloys and Cobalt ion from Co-Cr alloys resulted in maximum releasing rate during first 2h hours, followed by a decrease in releasing rate with time. Chromium ion were found to be minimal in all alloys. 2. In cytotoxic test. with $40{\mu}M,\;80{\mu}M$ of nickel chloride, there were observed an increase in the relative cell number compared to control samples after 24 hours. With $160{\mu}M$, there was found to be no difference in the relative cell number with control, except that 48 hour showed a increase in relative cell number. With $320{\mu}M$, the relative cell number remained constant and decreased after 48 hours, and with $640{\mu}M$, a continuing decrease in relative cell number was observed throughout test period. 3 The sensitivity of primary cultured oral epithelium to nickel was lower compared to the cells used in other studies. 4. CB-80 Soft and Regalloy showed no cytotoxicity to primary cultured oral epithelium and New crown resulted in a slight cytotoxicity. In conclusion, it was shown that the primary cultured oral keratinocytes could be applied successfully as testing cells in cytotoxicity test. Futhermore, the dental cast base metal alloys used in this study were found to be biocompatible.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.303-311
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• 2013

This study was performed to investigate the anti-inflammatory activities of fermented Scutellaria baicalensis extracts using Lactobacillus rhamnosus. The extracts were WE (water extract at $100^{\circ}C$ for 24 h), EE (70% ethanol extract at $60^{\circ}C$ for 24 h), FWE (fermented and water extract at $60^{\circ}C$ for 24 h), FEE (fermented and 70% ethanol extract at $60^{\circ}C$ for 24 h). The cytotoxicity of the extracts was in the range of 11.2 ~ 15.6 % at 1.0 mg/mL concentratioin. The FEE showed the lowest activity at 1.0 mg/mL concentratioin. Compared to the WE, hyaluronidase inhibitory activity contents in the FEE increased to 9.2% at 1.0 mg/mL concentratioin. Nitric oxide production of WE, EE, FWE and FEE at 1.0 mg/mL concentration was mesured as 7.6, 7.9, 6.9, 6.4 ${\mu}M$, respectively. $PGE_2$ secretion of the human fibroblast of the FEE were lower than 810 pg/mL. Our results suggested that the extracts from fermentation process after 70% ethanol extraction had relatively high anti-inflammatory activities and that the Scutellaria baicalensis could be more extracted in FEE than others.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.399-409
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• 2009

Objectives : The aim of this study was to experiment the antitumor activity of Agrimonia pilosa Ledebour (APL) in human stomach cancer (AGS) cell lines (in vitro) and male C57BL/6J mouse (in vivo). Methods : The effects of the ethanol extract from the plant on several transplantable rodent tumors were investigated in vitro by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxy phenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium, inner salt (MTS) assay. DNA content analysis and Western blot analysis. Agrimonia pilosa Ledebour (APL) was given to rats with Lewis Lung Carcinoma (LLC) cells. The experimental rats were divided into 3 groups in vivo. Saline was injected into the abdominal cavity in the first group, 50 mg/kg APL was injected into the abdominal cavity in the second group and 100 mg/kg was injected into the abdominal cavity in the third group. After that, we checked their tumor volume periodically. Results : At first, human gastric cancer (AGS) cell lines (in vitro) showed decreased cell viability, and increased $sub-G_1$ contents. When we experimented rat intestinal epithelial (RIE)l as same condition, this result didn't show. With this, compared to normal cells, Agrimonia pilosa Ledebour (APL) led selectively to the extinction of cells only in human gastric cancer. Moreover, we showed that the traditional herbal medicine APL induced caspase-dependent apoptosis in AGS cells. Next, APL inhibited the growth of LLC-bearing mouse tumor. However, we could not verify APL induced caspase-dependent apoptosis in LLC-bearing mouse tumor. Conclusions : The roots of Agrimonia pilosa Ledebour (APL) contain some antitumor constituents.

• Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.113-120
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• 2004

Chromium compounds are known human and animal carcinogens. In this study, the effects of sodium chromate on apoptosis and cell cycle were investigated in order to unveil the elements of early cellular responses to the metal. Using Chinese hamster ovary cells(CHO-K1-BH4), we found taht chromium (VI) treatment induced apoptosis in these cells, as signified by nuclear fragmentation, DNA laddering on agarose gel electrophoresis, and an increased proportionof cells with hypodiploid DNA. Preceding these changes, chromium (VI) treatment increased caspase 3 pritease activity and also increased expression of p53 protein, while the level of bcl2 protein was not changed. Coincubation with caspase inhibitor, Z-DEVD-FMK, inhibited chromium-induced apoptosis. In the flow cytometric analysis using propidium iodide fluorescence, an increase of cell population in G2/M phase was shown in cells exposed to at least 160 $\mu\textrm{m}$ of sodium chromate for 72h, form 9.8% for 0$\mu\textrm{m}$ chromium (VI) to 26.4% for 320$\mu\textrm{m}$ chromium(VI). Taken together, these findings suggest that chromium(VI)-induced apoptosis is accompanied by G2/M cell cycle arrest, and that p53-mediated pathway may be involved in positive regulation of G2/M arrest and a concurred apoptosis in CHO cells.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.474-480
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to define whether Asterina pectinifera Lectin (APL) is effective on the cytokine production. Isolated mRNA from hPBMC (human peripheral blood mononuclear cells) stimulated with APL for various reaction times (1 to 96 hours) was detected by RT-PCR. The intensity of band for IL-1 and $IFN{\gamma}$ mRNA was markedly increased at l hour, and IL-2 mRNA was strongly expressed at 4 hours. The mRNA band of APL-induced IL-2 and $IFN{\gamma}$ was weaker than that of IL-1, IL-6 and $TNF{\alpha}$. The mRNA expression of 4 cytokines (IL-1, IL-2, $IFN{\gamma}$ and $TNF{\alpha}$) was detected up to 48 hours, and that of IL-6 was detected until 72 hours. ELISA was used to look protein secretion of the cytokine gene with IL-1, IL-2 and TNF$\alpha$expressed strongly in RT-PCR. The highest protein secretion was at 4 hours with IL-1, at 8 hours with IL-2 and at 4 hours with $TNF{\alpha}$. These results suggest that APL can induce the production of some cytokines and the immune response from PBMC was done within the first few hours of stimulation with APL.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.176-183
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• 2010

It is considered that the urea injection DeNOx SCR(selective catalytic reduction) system is the only promising method to satisfy the worldwide NOx emission standards. As for the theoretical aspect, reactants of NO and $NO_2$ with $NH_3$ produce $H_2O$, $N_2$ and $O_2$ which do not harm human beings and environmental as well. The realization of maximum NOx conversion (without using a post oxidation catalyst) is only possible with closed loop controlled urea dosing. It means built-in $NH_3$ gas sensor have to be developed for detecting accurate $NH_3$ concentration for the feedback system. Using YSZ(yttria-stabilized zirconia) as a solid state electrolyte and $In_2O_3$ as a sensing material, this paper aims to study dependable $NH_3$ gas sensor for the promising solution of DeNOx technology, which have a reproducible electric output signal, a high sensitivity and fast response.