• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.25-33
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• 2022

The imbalance of oxidative stress due to the excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) leads to the pathogenesis of liver disease. To prevent this, the role of antioxidant mechanisms is important. Antioxidant studies have been reported on the Filipendula glaberrima Nakai. However, studies applied to HepG2 cells, which are human liver cells, have not yet been conducted. In this study, 70% ethanol extract of Filipendula glaberrima Nakai (FGE) was prepared and antioxidant activity was investigated. It was confirmed whether FGE pretreatment could reduce hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in HepG2 cells. The increase in gene expression of antioxidant biomarkers and the scavenging ability of ROS were measured, and Hoechst 33342 staining was used to know the inhibitory effect of the apoptosis. As a result, FGE significantly increased SOD (2.6-fold), CAT (4.4-fold), MT-1A (3.1-fold), GPx (4-fold), and G6PD (2.4)-fold compared to the H₂O₂-treated group. FGE directly inhibited ROS production from 13.4 to 3.6 (the fluorescence mean of DCF-DA) and also reduced apoptotic cells from 45% to 10% (Hoechst 33342 staining) at 2.5 ㎍/mL. These results demonstrate the excellent antioxidant activity of FGE and show that it can be used as a functional food to prevent liver disease.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.465-474
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• 2017

The aim of this study was to determine the raising anticancer effects of resveratrol (Res) on paclitaxel (PA) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell line A549. The $10{\mu}g/ml$ of Res had no effect on human fetal lung fibroblast MRC-5 cells or on A549 cancer cells and the 5 or $10{\mu}g/ml$ of PA also had no effect on MRC-5 normal cells. PA-L ($5{\mu}g/ml$) and PA-H ($10{\mu}g/ml$) had the growth inhibitory effects in NSCLC cell line A549, and Res increased these growth inhibitory effects. By flow cytometry experiment, after Res ($5{\mu}g/ml$)+PA-H ($10{\mu}g/ml$) treatment, the A549 cells showed the most apoptosic cells compared to other group treatments, and after additional treatment with Res, the apoptosic cells of both two PA concentrations were raised. Res+PA could reduce the mRNA and protein expressions of COX-2, and Res+PA could reduce the COX-2 related genes of VEGF, MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-9, $NF-{\kappa}B$, Bcl-2, BclxL, procollagen I, collagen I, collagen III and CTGF, $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IL-1{\beta}$, iNOS and raise the TIMP-1, TIMP-2, TIMP-3, $I{\kappa}B-{\alpha}$, p53, p21, caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9, Bax genes compared to the control cells and the PA treated cells. From these results, it can be suggested that Res could raise the anticancer effects of PA in A549 cells, thus Res might be used as a good sensitizing agent for PA.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.925-932
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• 2001

The influence of ultraviolet(UV)-ray in sun light on human skin has been noted. Textiles can provide protection against harmful UV-radiation. Normally UV-absorbing finishes are used to get better protection. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the UV-cut properties of cotton fabrics treated with UV-absorber. 2,2-dihydroxy-4,4-dimethoxbenzophenone, as UV-absorber was applied to 100% cotton fabric. Reagents added in finishing solution were Triton X-100, polyethylene glycol 400, and $MgCl_2{\cdot}6H_2O$, and C.I. Direct Red 81. Both untreated and treated cotton fabrics were exposed to a xenon arc lamp for 20 and 80 hours. UV absorption spectra of finishing solutions and UV transmission spectra of fabrics were measured by the UV/VIS spectrophotometer. The results of this study can be summarized as follows. The results of this study can be summarized as follows. Absorption and the related transmission spectra were modified in a controlled way with UV-absorber. Absorption effect of UV-absorber was improved by adding Triton X-100, PEG 400, and $MgCl_2{\cdot}6H_2O$ in finishing solution. The UV absorption of finishing solution was in the following order: U/D/T/P/M>D/T/P/M> D/T> D/P, D>U/T/P/M>U/T>T/P/M>T. The UV transmittance of cotton fabrics was remarkably decreased by the application of UV-absorber and additives. The UV-cut properties were most improved by the application of U/D/T/P/M.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.222-229
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• 2012

In order to determine acetylcholine and choline in the biological samples, the specific enzymes of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and choline oxidase (ChO), which utilize acetylcholine and choline as substrates, were employed to convert substrates to $H_2O_2$. The produced $H_2O_2$ was coupled to 4-aminoantipyrine/phenol with peroxidase (PO) yielding quinoneimine dye which was measured at 508 nm. In the present enzymatic spectrophotometric analysis the product at the equilibrium state was measured considering accuracy, precision, time and cost of the analysis. The developed analytical method yielded good linearity (calibration curve; $A_{508}$=9534[acetylcholine]+0.009, correlation coefficient ($R^2$); 0.999) with detection limit of $1.11{\times}10^{-7}M$, reasonable precision (relative standard deviation; 0.10~1.62% at $2.5{\times}10^{-6}M{\sim}1.25{\times}10^{-4}M$) and accuracy (relative error; -0.24~0.97% at $4.13{\times}10^{-6}M{\sim}1.01{\times}10^{-4}M$) for acetylcholine chloride standard solution. The concentrations of acetylcholine and choline in human serum were found as $3.20{\times}10^{-5}M$ and $1.14{\times}10^{-4}M$, respectively. The brain tissues of Sprague-Dawley strain rat contained 9.82${\mu}g/g$ of acetylcholine and 6.53 ${\mu}g/g$ of choline in the cerebrum, while 7.37 ${\mu}g/g$ of acetylcholine and 5.34 ${\mu}g/g$ of choline in the cerebellum.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.167-174
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• 1973

This study included two parts of investigation, the microfloral changes during the brewing process with the changes of pH, total acidity, temperature and alcoholic contents, as well as determination of survival times of major enteric pathogens in Takju. 1. Maximum number of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was $4.3{\times}10^7$ per milliliter on the 5th day of fermentation and gradually decreased. Saccharomyces cerevisiae was one of the predominant strains of the fermentation process. The number of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was $4.3{\times}10^6$ per milliliter at the completion of the brewing and human consumption. In a few days after the completion of the brewing. Bacillus subtilis and some species of Staphylococcus spp. began to grow and those organisms were responsible for the spoilage. 2. Maximum pH, during the brewing, was 5.8 on the first day of fermentation and rapidly decreased until 6th day of fermentation at pH 4.3. 3. Maximum alcholic content was 14.5 degree on the 4th day of fermentation, 10.3 degree on the 5th day and this degree was continued during the experimentation. 4. Maximum temperature, during Takju brewing was 34.deg.C on the 3rd day of fermentation and rapidly decreased up to 23.deg.C on the 6th day and this temperature was continued until the brewing process was finished. 5. Maximum total acidity was 0.57 percent on the 4th day of fermentation and gradually decreased by brewing process was completed. 6. Survival time of major enteric pathogenic bacteria in Takju was as follows : Shigella dysenteriae and Escherichia coli were isolated in two hours and 14 hours respectively, but Salmonella typhi, Vibrio parahemolyticus were not isolated even in an hour after the inoculation of those organisms in undiluted Takju. In diluted Takju, Salmonella typhi, Vibrio parahemolyticus were not isolated even in an hour after the inoculation of those organisms in undiluted Takju. In diluted Takju, Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysenteriae, and Escherichia coli were survived for 50-60 hours, but Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio parahemolyticus were not isolated even if treated within one hour.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.539-544
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• 1989

Campylobacter jejuni, bacterial agent causing human diarrhea, were studied for their disinfection effects with chlorine and monochloramine. The cells treated with the chemical agents were observed by scanning electron microscopy to know their morphological and structural changes. The proteins and DNA in the chemical-treated cells were also examined by gel electrophoresis for structural changes. When C. jejuni were chlorinated at concentrations of 0.5 and 1.0 mg/l for 15 minutes, the organisms were disinfected by 4 and 6 log, respectively. Those disinfection effects were higher at acidic pH, while lowered at neutral and alkaline values of pH. The effects of monochloramine were lower than those of chlorine at the game concentration for the same period of reaction time. The shapes of C. jejuni cells treated with the agents appeared to be deformed from spiral rod into spherical forms, showing some destruction in surface structure of the cells. Some of the proteins and DNA of the chlorinated cells did not appear in the gel electrophoresis when the chlorination was at concentration of 10 mg/l or higher.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SC
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• v.42 no.2 s.302
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• pp.33-38
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• 2005

In this paper, the sensing unit of a non-invasive blood glucose sensor for home users, using a magneto-resonance absorption method, have been designed and manufactured. The sensor is capable of non-invasively determining blood glucose levels through measuring the 1H spin-lattice relaxation time in human body, The comparison of initial models, with different dimensions and shapes, for the sensing unit has led us to select the materials of the final model, which has adequate size and weight for home use. Through the design optimization using the FEM model, the dimension of final model has been determined to satisfy the required strength and uniformity of the magnetic field in the detecting area.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.11
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• pp.1369-1378
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• 2018

Prunus mume Siebold & Zucc., a member of the Rosaceae family (called Maesil in Korea), has been widely distributed in East Asia, e.g. Korea, Japan and China, and its fruit has been used as a traditional drug and health food. In this study, we evaluated physicochemical properties and physiological activities of condensed Prunus mume juice treated with pectinase (PJ). The values of total acidity, pH, sugar contents, turbidity moisture content of the PJ were 35.81%, 2.73, $54.36^{\circ}Brix$, 2.75 and 51.32%, respectively. The PJ had effective DPPH radical scavenging activity, reducing power effect, $H_2O_2$ scavenging activity and ${\beta}$-carotene bleaching effect. DPPH radical scavenging activities of PJ was 46.31%; their reducing power ($OD_{700}$) was 1.80; $H_2O_2$ scavenging activity of PJ was 91.62%; and ${\beta}$-carotene bleaching effect of PJ was 73.02%. Also, PJ showed effective levels of ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibition activity. The cell viability was measured by SRB assay. The PJ significantly decreased the cell viability of mouse melanoma cells (B16) and human melanoma cells (SK-MEL-2 and SK-MEL-28) in a dose-dependent manner, however, there was no effect on human keratinocyte HaCaT. In morphological study, PJ-treated SK-MEL-2 cells showed distorted and shrunken cell masses. Total polyphenol contents and total flavonoid contents of PJ were 588.31 mg% (gallic acid equivalent) and 860.45 mg% (rutin equivalent). The antiproliferative effect of PJ seems to be associated with the antioxidant activity of its flavonoid and polyphenol contents. In conclusion, PJ may be beneficial in development of a functional food material.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.67-72
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• 2008

The use of doxorubicin, which is one of the most effective anticancer agents, is often limited by occurrence of acquired resistance in tumor cells. GSH has been shown to be involved in the development of this drug resistance. Transcription factor Nrf2 governs the expression of GSH synthesizing glutamylcysteine ligase (GCL), as well as multiple phase 2 detoxifying enzymes. Here we show that Nrf2 is one of factors determining doxorubicin sensitivity. Nrf2-deficient fibroblasts (murine embryonic fibroblasts, MEF) were more susceptible to doxorubicin mediated cell death than wild-type cells. Doxorubicin treatment elevated levels of Nrf2-regulated genes including NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase (Nqo1) and GCL in wild-type fibroblasts, while no induction was observed in Nrf2-deficient cells. Doxorubicin resistance in human ovarian SK-OV cells was reversed by treatment with L-buthionine-sulfoxamine (BSO), which is depleting intracellular GSH. Finally, transfection of SK-OV cells with Nrf2 siRNA resulted in exacerbated cytotoxicity following doxorubicin treatment compared to scrambled RNA control. These results indicate that the Nrf2 pathway, which plays a protective role in normal cells, can be a potential target to control cancer cell resistance to anticancer agents.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.12
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• pp.6191-6196
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• 2012

Aims and Background: Traditional chemotherapy strategies for human leukemia commonly use drugs based on cytotoxicity to eradicate cancer cells. One predicament is that substantial damage to normal tissues is likely to occur in the course of standard treatments. Obviously, it is urgent to explore therapies that can effectively eliminate malignant cells without affecting normal cells. Our previous studies indicated that ginsenoside $Rg_1$ ($Rg_1$), a major active pharmacological ingredient of ginseng, could delay normal hematopoietic stem cell senescence. However, whether $Rg_1$ can induce cancer cell senescence is still unclear. Methods: In the current study, human leukemia K562 cells were subjected to $Rg_1$ exposure. The optimal drug concentration and duration with K562 cells was obtained by MTT colorimetric test. Effects of $Rg_1$ on cell cycle were analyzed using flow cytometry and by SA-${\beta}$-Gal staining. Colony-forming ability was measured by colony-assay. Telomere lengths were assessed by Southern blotting and expression of senescence-associated proteins P21, P16 and RB by Western blotting. Ultrastructural morphology changes were observed by transmission electron microscopy. Results: K562 cells demonstrated a maximum proliferation inhibition rate with an $Rg_1$ concentration of $20{\mu}\;mol{\cdot}L^{-1}$ for 48h, the cells exhibiting dramatic morphological alterations including an enlarged and flat cellular morphology, larger mitochondria and increased number of lysosomes. Senescence associated-${\beta}$-galactosidase (SA-${\beta}$-Gal) activity was increased. K562 cells also had decreased ability for colony formation, and shortened telomere length as well as reduction of proliferating potential and arrestin $G_2$/M phase after $Rg_1$ interaction. The senescence associated proteins P21, P16 and RB were significantly up-regulated. Conclusion: Ginsenoside $Rg_1$ can induce a state of senescence in human leukemia K562 cells, which is associated with p21-Rb and p16-Rb pathways.