• 동양고전연구
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• 제32호
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• pp.215-244
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• 2008

이 논문은 현대 영미철학에서 주도적인 위치에 있는 '물리주의적 존재론'과 그 귀결로서의 '물리주의적 심리철학'을 메타이론적인 측면에서 비판하고, 그 대안을 모색하는 단초를 유가철학에서 찾을 것을 제안하는 것을 목표로 하고 있다. 여기서 필자는 과학주의적인 태도로 정식화된 물리주의와, 물리주의 심리철학 중 가장 온건한 입장인 심신수반이론, 그리고 가장 강력한 물리주의 심리철학인 제거주의를 논의하고 그것을 비판하였다. 우선 필자는 모든 이론체계의 구축에 동원된 언어재료는 편의 위주로 채택된 가정체이기 때문에 과학의 체계는 실재의 모사나 반영이라기보다는 '세계 해석의 전체적 체계'에 지나지 않는다는 현대 과학철학자들의 논의를 배경으로 하여 '물리주의(物理主義)' 또한 그 자체 자명한 분석적 진리가 아니라, 근현대 과학적 세계관에 배경을 두고 형성된 역사-상대적인 것에 지나지 않으며, 따라서 '물리적인 것' 또한 역사상대적인 물리주의의 요청에 따라 가정된 신화(神話)에 불과하다고 주장하였다. 그리고 최소 물리주의를 표방하고 있는 '심신 수반이론'은 그 자체 내에 수많은 상반되는 입장(이원론, 창발론, 속성이원론 등)을 포괄하기 때문에 심신 문제의 해결책은 될 수 없다는 주장을 살펴보았다. 이어 최대 물리주의로서 제거주의(除去主義)는 잘못된 전제에 토대를 두고 '심적인 것'을 완전히 해소-제거시키고자 하는 입장으로 건전한 상식에 너무나도 상반된다고 주장하였다. '물리주의' 및 '물리주의적 심리철학'은 인간과 동물의 차이를 뇌의 능력차이일 뿐이라고 주장하고 있다. 그리고 결론으로서 필자는 물리주의와 물리주의적 심리철학은 의미를 구성하는 우리의 '마음'의 문제를 남겨 두고 있거나 혹은 간과하고 있는 바, 이러한 마음의 문제는 유가(儒家)의 심성론(心性論)이 풍부한 소재를 제공해 주고 있다고 제안하였다.

• 인문언어
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• 제8집
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• pp.409-427
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• 2006

This paper deals with the various conceptual metaphors of 'mind' in Korean and English within the Cognitive Semantics. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the metaphorical expressions of the concept 'mind' represented andunderstood in various ways in Korean and English, to find out the linguistically-universal conceptual metaphors underlying the uses of the metaphoric expressions. In addition, this paper discusses the differences in linguistic realization of the concept 'mind' between Korean and English from the socio-cultural background. In the traditional view, metaphor was thought only as the linguistic matters and a deviance from literal or normal use. However, within the Cognitive Linguistic view such as Lakoff and Johnson(1980), metaphor has been considered as a means of understanding and conceptualizing world. According to them, metaphor is found in everyday life because it is not only as a matter of language but also as a nature of human conceptual system controlling cognition, thought and behavior. Conceptual metaphor is suggested as a device to understood abstract and less familiar things through concrete and more familiar things. Conceptual metaphors may be realized linguistically as well as non-linguistically, in the form of movies, arts or behavior. To define the concept 'mind' shared among the Koreans, conceptual metaphors used to represent 'maum(mind)'in Korean are examined. Then they are compared with the ones used to represent 'mind' in English. This is based on the idea that conceptual metaphors represented in linguistic expressions naturally reflect the speakers' concept and conceptualization is a universal irrespective of language. This paper exemplifies the Korean sentences as well as English sentences to utilize some conceptual metaphor such as Johnson(1987)'s THE MIND IS THE BODY and shows many other conceptual metaphors used in Korean and English to represent the same concept 'mind'. What are some metaphors shared by two languages and what is specific to one of them will be shown, too. This paper also suggests that the different conceptualization or lexicalization is partly due to the effect of the oriental cultural background that is more interested in the mental world than the physical world.

• 대한한의학원전학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2011

For the purpose of understanding Wang-bing's idea, which was influenced by Taoism and Hyeon-hak(玄學), I investigated the quotations of Taoism Books such as Jang-ja(莊子) in the Hwangje-Naegyeongsomunju(黃帝內經素問注), and came to the following conclusions. In the process of writing notes on the Hwangje-Naegyeongsomun, Wang-bing quoted Taoism Books such as Jang-Ja 10 times at 8 passeges which suggest the idea of Hyeon-hak. Through this annotating process, he suggested the vision of the Hyeon-hak idea which pursued the harmony of system and human nature. In the process of the annotating, he expressed the way of sage who practicing the caring of one's own health. And he emphasized on body and perfectly preserving of nature of oneself. Wang-bing especially emphsized on cultivating of one's mind while he insisting one's human nature. This means he pursued one's nature under the actual system, which was different from general Taoism. It was Hyeon-hak idea. So we can interpret Wang-bing as a sucessor of Hyeon-hak philosophers of Wi-Jin(魏晋) period.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.72-83
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• 2000

This study purports to review traditional health concepts of Korea by age, and to compare them to health concepts defined in western societies. Furthermore the study offers these results as the basis of construction for Korean nursing theory. Literature for the review were traditional health books published in Korea. These books are Euibangyoochui, Hyangyakjibsungbang, Dongeuibogam, Eiyangpyun, Dongeuisoosebowon, & Hwangjaenaekyung. In addition, articles that studied traditional literature or Korean medical history were reviewed when no publication of a primary source was available. In ancient Korean society, health was viewed as a 'good relationship or harmony with a supernatural subject', 'harmony of earth, water, fire, and air', and a 'long life with no illness'. The treatment aspect of medicine was emphasized in the middle-aged society. The health concepts in the pre-modern society included such concepts as 'jeongkhibojeon', 'adjustment to the nature', 'harmony between yang and yin', 'strengthening of jeongkhishin', 'circulation of owoonyookchi', 'kyungjok mind-body state' and 'jeongshimjeonghang'. Major health concepts in western literature were 'adaptation', 'role performance', 'actualization of human potential', 'adaptation and actualization of potential', and 'comfort'. Traditional health concepts of Korea focus on principles. They deliver abstract meanings, which make their measures uneasy. They believe in holism and unity with nature and especially emphasize the mental aspect. On the other hand, health concepts of western societies focus on phenomena. Their meanings are somewhat concrete, which make their measurements relatively easy. They see a person adapts positively to the environment as an independent being from the environment. These concepts have biopsychosocial aspects with no partial emphasis in the mental aspects. These traditional concepts of health were classified into two main perspectives. One is the unity of heaven & man, and the other is the unity of mind and body. The former perspective is based on the main concept of Chi. The latter has the main concept of ruling of the mind. The two main concepts discussed above need further examination for development of a nursing theory for Korean society. The application of circulation of Chi needs balance and harmony, and the application of ruling of mind needs temperance.

• 한국시조학회지:시조학논총
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.207-234
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• 2003

이 논문에서는 조선 후기 사대부 시조에서 중요한 위치를 차지하는 황윤석 시조의 성격과 그 작품에 나타난 작가 의식을 논의했다. 사실을 제시하거나 교훈을 내리는 내용을 표현함으로써 황윤석 시조는 교술적 성격을 가지게 되었다. 사실의 중심 내용은 군주의 격려, 군주의 생일과 기일, 벼슬 제수 등 군은 관련 사항과 선산의 풍수적 빼어남, 선조의 훌륭한 행적, 가문의 아름다운 전통, 작가의 출생지, 태몽 등 집안 관련 사항들로 되어 있다. 교훈의 중심 내용은 유교 학문의 목적, 성선설의 입장, 인간 심성의 특성, 심성 수양의 방법 등 심성 수양 관련 사항과 오륜, 부부유별, 남녀유별 등 유교 실천 윤리 관련 사항들로 되어 있다. 황윤석은 시조에서 정치, 경제적으로 상승하려는 의식과 이념을 지향하는 의식을 표현했다. 정치적 참여의 기회를 부여한 군주에 대한 절대적 충성을 보이거나 치국이나 평천하의 준비를 갖춘 가문에 대한 자랑을 하는 과정에서 상승 지향적 의식을 드러냈고, 주로 유교 윤리의 철저한 실천이나 전통 성리학의 고수, 인물성동논의 주장으로 현실적 문제를 극복하고자 한데서 이념 지향 의식을 드러냈다. 정치ㆍ경제적 상승과 이념 지향적 작자 의식의 작용으로 작품은 교술적 성격을 상당 부분 가지게 되었고, 사실의 전달과 가르침의 제시라는 교술적 효과를 높이려는 과정에서 직설적 표현의 방법을 선택했다.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.29-37
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• 2005

According to Confucianism, the world before Confucius focused on respecting the heaven which meant that everything could be done by the heaven. After the period of Confucianism, Joo-Ja asserted that everything could be done by nature. During the Chosun Dynasty, philosophers such as Seo Kyung-duck, Lee Hwang, and Lee Yi talked about four characters and seven passions of human being. They started to focus more on the inside of human nature. During the later period of the Chosun Dynasty, a philosopher by the name of Dongmugong Lee Jema analyzed that one's nature and feelings can change his or her external matter and the function of internal organs by purity or impurity of one's mind. Based on these analysis, Dongmugong discovered 'sasangin' which puts more emphasis on one's state of mind compared to the outside the world. Also, Dongmugong tried to figure out the connections between Confucianism and medical science. If you use change fire and stone theory which is difference between hado and nock-seo to expain four seven theory one's mind could be define as four natural characters and seven feelings. From four seven theory four is ying and seven is yang. This is the method of cure and understand the structure of human body. And also, four natural characters and seven feelings can be divided into heaven and earth. You can see Four natural characters is far more similar to heaven and seven feelings are similar to earth. According to four-seven theory hado is permanent and you can find out 'sasangin' is permanent also. Since seven feelings are influenced by sam-jae, you can analogize there are 21 different types in 'sasangin'. An underlying principle should there be 28 different types of sasangin instead of 21 different types of sasangin but one quater of sasangin is hidden according to samhyuniljang theory. All creations in the world are organized by unification of the great absolute and symmetry distinction of yingyang. With these facts identity of the heaven, earth and man which is named samjae generates symbols of independent sasang. And also, sasang generates relations between five element, six energy and the six family relation. From six family relation comes seven feelings of man which creates a category of the eight trigrams for divination and unification of nine palace. All these process are united.

• 사상체질의학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.113-124
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• 2006

1. Objectives Sasang Constitutional Medicine is based on difference of Nature & Emotion(性情). The mind is held in high value to characteristics of each constitution's symptoms and prescriptions. This study is for psychotheraphy with Herbal medicines, Acupuncture and Moxibustion in Sasang Constitutional Medicine. 2. Methods Comparing with ${\ulcorner}$DongYi Soose Bowon Gabobon${\Ircorner}$ and ${\ulcorner}$DongYi Soose Bowon ShinChukbon${\Ircorner}$, we research the principle of human's organization which is connected with their talent and will. 3. Results and Conclusions (1) Sasang Constitutional Medicine consider human being more than disease in medical science. A Human being works up to take a reasonable in modern societies, as making friends, a practice of his daily life, mentality. (2) Psychotheraphy is as important as each constitution's symptoms and prescriptions on clinical medicine (3) Taeyangin should be moderate when expressing their sorrow & anger(哀怒) and take a step backward for a real purpose(恒心). (4) Soyangin should be moderate when expressing their sorrow & anger(哀怒) and watch the interior for a real purpose(恒心). (5) Taeumin should be moderate when expressing their happiness & pleasantness(喜樂) and watch the exterior for a real purpose(恒心). (6) Soeumin should be moderate when expressing their happiness & pleasantness(喜樂) and go one step forward for a real purpose(恒心).

• 사상체질의학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.71-83
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• 2004

1. Objectives The purpose of nursing is to promote health and well-being for all persons. It is connected with Sasang Constitution theory have regard for viewpoint by other's a special quality & individual difference. A nursing is helping behavior to recover health, disease protection & self care ability through health education. There is need for Oriental nursing research continually. 2. Methods This study attempted to develop a fundamental nursing theory for Sasang Constitution on the focus "Dongyi Soose Bowon Sasang Chobongyun". Because the book is important to understand Lee Je-ma's early medical mind and thinking. 3. Results and Conclusions The Sasang Constitution theory lay great emphasis upon health caring medicine to promote health according to self Constitution at normal times, preventive medicine to manage byself body and mind in ordinary times. The way of Sasang Constitutional Nursing Theory is expected to set up a landmark stone in Korean nursing. It is also can product a new nursing theory. In view of 'Nature and Order' is explained inborned general human being who were gifted from nature. On the other hand, in view of 'Knowledge and Deed' based on Constitutions are explained autonomical human being. There are depend on independant control and make efforts themselves or not. It have a connected in four paradigm (human- environment-health- nursing) of nursing theory. The history taking stage claim caring of sick-people before. The ways of assesment for sick-people have to know a process of illness.

• 사상체질의학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.1-15
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• 2010

1. Objectives: This research aims to study the general overview of the theories on the covetous desire and the relevant theories on cultivation mentioned in "Donguisusebowon (東醫壽世保元): Theories on Nature and Conduct (性命論)". 2. Methods: The theories concerning the covetous desire introduced in Dong-Mu's manuscripts, including "Gyukchigo 格致藁)", "Yougocho (遺稿抄)", "Dongmuyougo (東武遺稿)" and "Jaejungsinpyun (濟衆新編)", were comprehensively reviewed. Furthermore, the significance of the theories on the covetous desire and the relevant theories on self-cultivation were studied within the context of "Donguisusebowon(東醫壽世保元): Theories on Nature and Conduct (性命論)". 3. Results and Conclusions: 1) Among the four covetous desires (selfishness (私心), indiscretion (放心), indolence(逸心), acquisitiveness (慾心)), selfishness and acquisitiveness are the interpersonal components that deal with the relationship between individuals, whereas indiscretion and indolence are the intra-personal or self-concerned components that deal with the internal desires within the individual. 2) In the early concepts on the quaternity explaining the perspective on the human being as introduced in Dongmu's earlier manuscripts, the four covetous desires are thought of as the most important etiological components, that are also intimately related to the theories of self-cultivation. 3) Among the concepts introduced in "Donguisusebowon (東醫壽世保元): Theories on Nature and Conduct (性命論)", viciousness (邪心) and negligence (怠心) are primary, intra-personal (self-concerned) desires that are henceforth matched to indiscretion and indolence, respectively, while selfishness (arrogance, assertiveness, indiscrimination and exaggeration (驕矜伐夸)) and acquisitiveness (violation, extravagance, slothfulness and stealthiness(奪侈懶竊)) are secondary, interpersonal desires. 4) 'Preserving the mind (存其心)' and 'rectifying the body (修其身)' are Methods of overcoming viciousness (indiscretion) and negligence (indolence), the intrapersonal desires, while 'nurturing the nature (養其性)' and 'propping the course (立其命)' are Methods of eliminating selfishness and acquisitiveness, the interpersonal desires, which ultimately each leads to the completion of Nature (性) and Conduct/Course (命).

• 한국철학논집
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• 제42호
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• pp.233-258
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• 2014

이 글은 호굉의 사유 중 본성[성(性)] 개념에 대해서 고찰하였다. 본성을 최우선으로 하는 호굉의 철학적 구도는 성본론(性本論)으로 지칭되며, 그가 제시한 본성 개념의 특징은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 호굉은 본성이 전체 세계의 근본이면서 구체적인 개별 사물과 관련된다고 봄으로써 본체론 측면에서 본성 개념을 구성하였다. 즉 본성은 전체 세계의 근본인 체(體)이면서 개별 사물들의 고유성으로 실현된다는 것이다. 또한 호굉은 본체론적 측면의 본성이 마음, 감정, 욕구 등 다양한 심성적 측면으로 전개된다고 보았다. 둘째, 호굉은 미발을 본성으로, 이발을 마음으로 규정하여 본성과 마음의 이상적인 관계를 '성체심용(性體心用)' 구도로 보았다. 그는 미발의 본성의 차원에서는 성인과 일반 사람들의 상태가 같지만 이발의 차원에서는 마음의 역량에 따라 차이가 생긴다고 보았다. 오직 성인만 마음이 적연부동하여 현실에서 그 관계를 실현한다는 것이다. 그래서 호굉은 일반 사람들이 그 관계를 실현하기 위해 본성의 온전한 실현인 인(仁)이라는 마음의 현상을 따르도록 함으로써, 마음에 본성을 완성한다는 수양의 가능성을 제시하였다. 셋째, 호굉은 본체론적 측면에서 본성 개념을 사유하면서 기존 관념과 달리 본성의 의미를 파악하였다. 그는 성선(性善)을 극도의 찬미를 나타내는 감탄사로 읽는데, 이는 본성이 선악의 상대적 개념을 초월해 있으며 전체 세계를 긍정하는 의미를 지니기 때문이다. 또한 호굉에 따르면, 본성은 호오(好惡)의 지향성을 함축하고 있으며 사물들은 이를 통해 자기와 다른 대상과의 관계를 형성한다. 그리고 이때 윤리적 가치 판단의 선악 개념이 발생한다.