• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.121-130
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• 2014

Purpose: To assess the surface profile of dentinal wall, dentin chips and smear layer during the canal shaping with rotary (ProTaper) and ProFile and reciprocating (WaveOne) nickel-titanium file. Materials and Methods: Sixty human extracted mandibular premolars and incisors with single canals were randomly selected. Three experimental groups (n = 20) were instrumented with ProTaper (F2), ProFile (25/.06), WaveOne (25/.08) with irrigation of 2.5% NaOCl. The dentin chips were collected from flute of file during each canal preparation. After canal preparation, roots were grinded and each group was divided into two subgroups (n = 10) for surface profile and smear layer of dentinal wall of shaped root canal. Each specimen was observed under scanning electron microscope for evaluating size of dentin chips, root canal surface recessions and smear layer. Scores of Smear layer were statistically analyzed using Kruskal Wallis test and Mann Whitney test at P = 0.05 level. Results: The size of dentin chips from ProFile, ProTaper and WaveOne was up to $7{\mu}m$, $6.5{\mu}m$, and$4{\mu}m$, respectively. In the surface profile, the width of surface irregularity was measured and Profile, ProTaper and WaveOne was up to $150{\mu}m$, $70{\mu}m$, and $80{\mu}m$, respectively. Completely cleaned root canals were not found. In the middle and apical third of the canals, WaveOne group showed higher smear layer score than ProFile and ProTaper groups (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Within limits of this study, reciprocating motion WaveOne group was not significant difference of shaping ability with the full-sequence ProFile and ProTaper systems except canal clearness of middle and apical third of root canal. When using WaveOne to shaping root canal, thorough root canal irrigation is recommended.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.471-477
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• 2000

Background : Coughing is the most common complaint for which patients seek medical service. When caughing continues over 3 weeks in non-smokers who do not take cough-provoking drugs, they are classified as patients with chronic cough. Three well known main causes of chronic caugh are postnasal drip syndrome, bronchial asthma and gastroesophaseal reflux disease. Among them, postnasal drip syndrome is reported to be the most common cause of all in chronic cough diseases, and allergic inflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of postnasal drip syndrome. CD23 and CD25 which are low affinity receptor for IgE and IL-2 receptor alpha, respectively, are closely related to allergic inflammation and their roles were evaluated in chronic cough patients. Methods : We evaluated 105 patients with chronic cough and selected 56 patients for measurement of serum CD23 & CD25 levels. We selected 10 normal, medical students for comparison of serum CD23 & CD25 levels. Result : The postnasal drip syndrome was found to be the most common cause of chronic cough. Serum CD23 and CD25 did not increase in chronic cough patient compared to normal controls. However in bronchial asthma patient, serum CD23 level was increased relative to normal control (p<0.05). Conclusion : In bronchial asthma presented as chronic cough, lymphocyte mediated allergic inflammation may related with the pathogenesis of the disease.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.307-316
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• 2015

Beetle larvae have been used as a traditional medicine to treat various human liver diseases. To prove the liver protective function of Allomyrina dichotoma larvae (ADL), we induced liver damage by the intraperitoneal injection of a hepatotoxic reagent, diethylnitrosamine (DEN), to C3H/HeN male mice and orally administered freeze-dried ADL powder. ADL powder lessened DEN-induced hepatotoxicity considering the reduced signs of acute and chronic hepatotoxicities, such as the ALP level in the blood serum, TUNEL-positive hepatocytes, ductural reactions, steatotic hepatocytes, and collagen deposition of the Masson’s trichrome staining. In addition to hepatoprotection, the anti-cancer activity of ADL has been examined. The ADL powder was extracted with ethanol and then fractionated with hexane, ethyl acetate, and water by a solvent partition technique. The ethyl acetate fraction showed cytotoxicity to various cancer cells through induction of apoptosis and necrosis, as well as the perturbed metabolism of the cancer cell to trigger autophagy. Collectively, ADL contains bioactive substances that can protect hepatocytes from toxic chemicals and trigger cell death in cancer cells. Thus, further purification and analyses of ADL fractions could lead to the identification of novel bioactive compounds.

• Proceedings of the SOHE Conference
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• 1997.12a
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• pp.39-43
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• 1997

Toha-jeod was manufactured by seven methods ; low salt group (L:15% sodium chloride), high salt g group (H:23% sodium chloride), 50% conventional soybean sauce group (S), low salt group containing 2% w wheat bran (W2%-L), high saIt group containing 2% wheat bran (W2%-H),high salt group containing 2% wheat bran (W2%-H), high salt group containing 4% wheat bran (W4%-H). After these seven groups were refrigerated at $4{\pm}1^{\circ}C$, they were sampled at intervals of three months and analyzed functional components. The free amino acid in Toha-jeod which are omitine, glutamic acid, leucine, alanine, lysine and valine increased gradually up to six months of fermentation and decreased by nine months. Conventional soybean sauce group increased continuously during the fermentation process. Hypoxanthine was altered almost among other nueletides. ATP was not detected, IMP and inosine had disapapted after the six months fermentation. Polyene fatty acids and n-3 fatty acids were decreased and s saturated fatty acids were not altered in the group containing wheat bran during fermentation. In the Hunter values, the group containing wheat bran and high salt group showed lower level than the group n not containing wheat bran and low salt group. Redness indicating the value of Toha-jeod increased as Toha-jeod was fermentated. Low salt group and conventional soybean sauce group were superior to other groups in the extent of redness. As the fermentation of Toha-jeod progressed for a long time, molecular weight distribution tended to become less molecular and the formation of chitin oligosaccharides was increased significantly. After nine months of fermentation, 24.75% chitin oligosaccharides [($GlcNAd_4$ ~ ($GlcNAd_8$, M.W. 823~1789] were created in the high salt group containing 2% wheat bran. [($GlcNAd_6$. M.W. 1236J , that is NACOS-6, which was reported as an antitumor activity material, was present in 4.01~4.37% of total Toha chitin content. 66.30% chitin oligosaccharides were created in conventional soybean sauce.

• Journal of Music and Human Behavior
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.1-14
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• 2005

This research was to study the behavior of listening music, music preference, meaning and role of music. The interviewees were 158 male/female students of high school in second level. This research had a interview which is composed with 7 multiple choice-questions and 1 short answer-question. In result, in the question of 'The average time of listening music', the most students(64, 41.8%) answered '1~2hours', the secondary, '2~3hours' which was 32.(20.9%) In the next question, 'The preference of music genre', 87students(56.8%) answered 'Korean pop and rock', 'American pop' was 11.1% each. Regarding 'The favorite mood of music', 50.3% of students answered 'Mellow songs, 24.8% of students answered 'Jaunty songs'. Regarding 'The social factor of listening music', more than half students(56.7%) agreed that friends or something like that may affect their music preference. Likewise, 51.6% agreed that their temper or character may affect their music preference. They answered that they enjoy the music usually when they take a rest(30.1%), when in moving(24.3%). Lastly, it said 'The meaning of music' is mostly 'Getting rid of stress and Refresh'(25.1%). And 'Calmness', 'Comfort' was 21.8%. The music especially to students means 'Emotional exit'. The music which can enable them to express their feelings is related with feeling and emotion deeply. And emotional factors like stress, depression, anxiety becomes the main reason of accepting the music meaningfully. In conclusion, This research says that they experience positive feelings and express emotions through music which enables them to understand fully their feelings and emotions.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.192-198
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• 1993

In 1984, a magnetic resonance spectrometer(magnetic resonance analyser, MRA $I_{TM}$) was developed by Sigrid Lipsett and Ronald J. Weinstock in the USA, Biomedical applications of the spectrometer have been examined by Dr. Hoang Van Duc(pathologist, USC), and Nakamura, et al(Japan). From their theoretical views, the biophysical functions of this machine are to analyse and synthesize a healthy tissue and organ resonance pattern, and to detect and correct an abnormal tissue and organ resonance pattern. All of the above functions are based on Quantum physics. The healthy tissue and organ resonance patterns are predetermined as standard magnetic resonance patterns by digitizing values based on peak resonance emissions(response levels or high pitched echo-sounds amplified via human body). In clinical practice, a counter or neutralizing resonance pattern calculated by the spectrometer can correct a phase-shifted resonance pattern(response levels or low pitched echo-sounds) of a diseased tissue and organ. By administering the counter resonance pattern into the site of pain and trigger point, it is possible to readjust the phase-shifted resonance pattern and then to alleviate pain through regulation of the neurotransmitter function of the nervous system. For assessing clinical effectiveness of pain relief with MRA $I_{TM}$ this study was designed to estimate pain intensity by the patient's subjective verbal rating scale(VRS such as graded to no pain, mild, moderate and severe) before application of it, to evaluate an amount of pain relief as applied the spectrometer by the patients subjective pain relief scale(visual analogue scale, VAS, 0~100%), and then to observe a continuation of pain relief following its application for managing acute and chronic pain in the 102 patients during an 8 months period beginning March, 1993. An application time of the spectrometer ranged from 15 to 30 minutes daily in each patient at or near the site of pain and trigger point when the patient wanted to be treated. The subjects consisted of 54 males and 48 females, with the age distribution between 23~40 years in 29 cases, 41~60 years in 48 cases and 61~76 years in 25 cases respectively(Table 1). The kinds of diagnosis and the main site of pain, the duration of pain before the application, and the frequency of it's application were recorded on the Table 2, 3 and 4. A distinction between acute and chronic pain was defined according to both of the pain intervals lasting within and over 3 months. The results of application of the spectrometer were noted as follows; In 51 cases of acute pain before the application, the pain intensities were rated mild in 10 cases, moderate in 15 cases and severe in 26 cases. The amounts of pain relief were noted as between 30~50% in 9 cases, 51~70% in 13 cases and 71~95% in 29 cases. The continuation of pain relief appeared between 6~24 hours in two cases, 2~5 days in 10 cases, 6~14 days in 4 cases, 15 days in one case, and completely relived of pain in 34 cases(Table 5~7). In 51 cases of chronic pain before the application, the pain intensities were rated mild in 12 cases, moderate in l8 cases and severe in 21 cases. The amounts of pain relief were noted as between 0~50% in 10 cases, 51~70% in 27 cases and 71~90% in 14 cases. The continuation of pain relief appeared to have no effect in two cases. The level of effective duration was between 6~12 hours in two cases, 2~5 days in 11 cases, 6~14 days in 14 cases, 15~60 days in 9 cases and in 13 cases the patient was completely relieved of pain(Table 5~7). There were no complications in the patients except a mild reddening and tingling sensation of skin while applying the spectrometer. Total amounts of pain relief in all of the subjects were accounted as poor and fair in 19(18.6%) cases, good in 40(39.2%) cases and excellent in 43(42.2%) cases. The clinical effectiveness of MRA $I_{TM}$ showed variable distributions from no improvements to complete relief of pain by the patient's assessment. In conclusion, we suggest that MRA $I_{TM}$ may be successful in immediate and continued pain relief but still requires several treatments for continued relief and may be gradually effective in pain relief while being applied repeatedly.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.281-286
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• 2011

This study was performed to investigate the effects of salted and fermented shrimp ethanol extract (SFS) on serum lipid metabolism and hepatocytes in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were administered 60% fat feed to induce hypercholesterolemia and were divided into five groups. Experimental groups were classified according to administered diet: normal diet group (NC), high cholesterol diet group (HC), high cholesterol and low dose shrimp extract (20 mg/kg) group (HC-SFSL), high cholesterol and high dose shrimp extract (200 mg/kg) group (HC-SFSH), and high cholesterol and lovastatin (20 mg/kg) group (HC-Lov). The experimental diets were fed ad libitum for 14 days. Compared with the control group, the serum cholesterol and triglycerides were 40.4 and 64.7% lower in the group fed HC-SFSH respectively. Low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol concentration in serum decreased in the HC-SFSH group compared with the HC group. In a histological assay, hepatocytes in the HC group showed that the vacuolated cells by fat appear clear due to the large amount of intracytoplasmic fat, whereas the liver hepatocytes in the group fed SFS effectively decreased fatty liver and intracytoplasmic fats. These results suggest that the extract of salted and fermented shrimp has an antiatherosclerotic effect and may lessen the effects of cardiovascular disease by reducing the cholesterol level in serum.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.1-12
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• 2019

A bridge is a structure constructed on water or in the air for convenient passage. Compared to other buildings, the building materials and structures of bridge required unique functions to cross the space. It depends on the productivity of the building, the level of science and technology, and the ecological environment of the building site. Also, it has important relationship with functions such as politics, military, economy, and life. Most of the academic research on bridges is focused on research in the field of bridge-building technology, so the study on the landscape aesthetics and history of bridges is lacking. Against this backdrop, the study will be valuable as a accumulation of both countries' understanding of bridge types, history and culture, as well as technical and aesthetic data, by analyzing the bridges located within the palaces of Korea and China. The research method is to analyze the bridge through field survey and literature analysis.. First, the bridges of royal palace of Korea and China are to be classified quantitatively as physical shapes, landscapes, and decorations by comparing the materials, forms, landscapes, and decorative culture of bridges. Second, characteristics, common points, and differences are extracted by classifying bridges of both countries. Also, the results are discussed based on the physical environment or cultural background. This would be worth cross-referencing in the building technology and aesthetics of the two countries. For the first important characteristics of result, main materials of Korean and Chinese palaces are stone. However, the bridge in China's royal palaces is also focused on wood. Second, in terms of form, the bridges in the royal gardens of Korea and China are all based on the beam bridge. However, the specific form, ratio, style of the beam bridge, and airspace of arched bridge are very different. Third, most of the connection methods are focused on the over bridge. It values the convergence with the surrounding landscape. Due to the difference in the area and location of water, the bridge in the Korean palace is more focused on the convergence of the surrounding buildings and plants, while the bridge in the Chinese palace is more concerned about the harmony of hydration. Fourth, the decoration places importance on the artistry and aesthetics of both the bridges in Korea and China. There is a difference in style in the same type of decoration due to culture.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.278-286
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• 2003

Alcohol is well known agent which can damage the human tissues such as liver via stimulating lipid peroxidation. On the other hand, carotenoids in addition to vitamins A, C and I play important roles in protecting these oxidative damages as well as preventing the production of free radicals. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of dietary vitamin A on lipid peroxidation and antioxidants status in ethanol-treated rats. In the experiment, male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 160~180 g were given a liquid diet containing 36% of total calories as ethanol for 7 weeks. The pair-fed control rats received an isocaloric amount of diet containing sucrose instead of ethanol on the following day Additionally, the liquid diet contained adequate amount of $\beta$-carotene, retinyl acetate or 13-sis-reinoic acid except vitamin A-deficient diet. The results obtained are as follows. The levels of plasma and hepatic lipid peroxide were increased after chronic ethanol feeding in rats. Retinyl acetate supplementation significantly reduced lipid peroxidation induced by ethanol feeding Glucose 6-phosphatase activity was significantly reduced in rats fed vitamin A-deficient diet with ethanol and alkaline phosphatase activity was significantly induced in rats fed 13-cis-reinoic acid diet with ethanol. Catalase and alcohol dehydrogenase activities did not show a consistent tendency in experiment groups. The hepatic antioxidant enzyme activities did not significantly changed by chronic ethanol feeding groups. The striking decrease in conversion of $\beta$-carotene to retinol was observed in rats fed a $\beta$-carotene diet with ethanol feeding The level of retinol and retinoic acid in plasma and liver was decreased after chronic ethanol administration Based on this result, these data suggest that ethanol feeding enhances oxidative stress especially in those fed a vitamin A-deficient diet, and vitamin A supplementation, especially, retinyl acetate intake can prevent enhanced lipid peroxidation and related damage to some extent.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.97-106
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• 1984

The Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba, is drawing attention over the world as the largest source of unutilized proteins in the ocean. For the use of krill as a human food, processing conditions of krill sauce by autolysis and/or commercial proteolytic enzyme digestion were examined. The krill was chopped and mixed with equal weight of water, and hydrolyzed by autolysis and/or commercial proteolytic enzyme digestion. The optimal conditions for hydrolysis of krill were $52.5^{\circ}C$, pH 7.0-7.5, 3 hours by autolysis, $52.5^{\circ}C$, pH 6.3, 3hours by bromelain (0.5 %) digestion, and $52.5^{\circ}C$, pH 7.0-7.5, 3 hours by commercial complex enzyme (5 %) digestion, respectively The maximum hydrolyzing rate of protein were 83.2 % by autolysis, 89.7 % by bromelain digestion, 92.7 % by commercial complex enzyme digestion. After krill meat hydrolyzed by autolysis at optimum condition, inactivated at $100^{\circ}C$ for 20 minutes and filtered with Buchner funnel. Two kinds of products were prepared with krill hydrolysate and preservatives: one contained 10 % of sodium chloride and 0.06 % of benzoic acid and the other 10 % of sodium chloride and 3 % of ethyl alcohol. These products were filled in the sterilized glass bottle and sealed. The pH, volatile basic nitrogen, amino nitrogen, color value (L, a and b values) and viable counts of bacteria were determined during storage at $37^{\circ}C$. The results showed that the products could be preserved in good condition during one month at $37^{\circ}C$. As a method to reduce the sodium level in krill sauce, it is convinced that sodium chloride could be replaced half in partially by potassium chloride. In the products prepared from krill by autolysis, bromelain or commercial complex enzyme digestion, hypoxanthine and 5'-IMP were abundant among the nucleotides and their related compounds as 15.3-20.4 ${\mu}mole/g$, dry solid, 2.2-2.5 ${\mu}mole/g$, dry solid, respectively. The abundant free amino acids were lysine, leucine, proline, alanine and valine. The contents of these amino acids were 67.4 %, 69.4 %, 69.8 % of the total free amino acids of each products. And TMAO, betaine and total creatinine were low in contents. The flavor of krill sauce prepared from krill by autolysis or enzyme digestion was not inferior to that of traditional Kerean soy sauce by sensory evaluation.