• YAKHAK HOEJI
• /
• v.42 no.1
• /
• pp.46-52
• /
• 1998

Retroviral integrase is required for integration of viral DNA into the host cell chromosome. Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 integrase was partially purified as a part of a fusion protein linked to a maltose-binding protein and characterized in terms of an endonucleolytic activity. The concentration of the fusion protein purified through an amylose column was about 12mg/ml. Indicating that the solubility of the fusion protein is highly increased by the presence of a maltose-binding protein, considering that the integrase protein alone is poorly solubilized. The endonucleolytic activity of the fusion protein was detected at 0.1 to 1.OmM $Mn^{++}$ ion, but not at any concentrations tested of $Mn^{++}$ ion.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.41 no.2
• /
• pp.222-226
• /
• 2017

Background: Long-term ginseng intake can increase longevity in healthy individuals. Here, we examined if long-term treatment with Panax ginseng Meyer (Korean Red Ginseng, KRG) can also enhance survival duration (SD) in patients with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 252 HIV-1 patients diagnosed from 1986 to 2013 prior to the initiation of antiretroviral therapy. Overall, 162 patients were treated with KRG ($3,947{\pm}4,943g$) for $86{\pm}63$ mo. The effects of KRG on SD were analyzed according to the KRG intake level and the length of the follow-up period. Results: There were significant correlations between the total amount of KRG and SD in the KRG intake group (r = 0.64, p < 0.0001) as well as between total amount of KRG and mean annual decrease in $CD4^+$ T-cell count in all 252 patients (r = -0.17, p < 0.01). The annual decrease in $CD4^+$ T-cell count (change in $cells/{\mu}L$) was significantly slower in KRG-treated patients than in patients receiving no KRG ($48{\pm}40$ vs. $106{\pm}162$; p < 0.001). The SD (in months) was also significantly longer in the KRG group than in the no-KRG group ($101{\pm}64$ vs. $59{\pm}40$, p < 0.01). Conclusion: KRG prolongs survival in HIV-1 patients, possibly by slowing the decrease in $CD4^+$ T-cell count.

• Journal of Microbiology
• /
• v.41 no.4
• /
• pp.300-305
• /
• 2003

Intracellular expression of RNA decoys, such as TAR or RRE decoy, has been previously shown to protect immune cells from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication by inhibiting the binding of the HIV-1 regulatory protein to the authentic HIV RNA sequence. However, HIV-1 challenge experiments of primary human T cells, which express the RNA decoy, demonstrated that the cells were only transiently protected, and hence, more improved protocols for HIV-1 inhibition with the RNA decoys need to be developed. In this report, in order to develop a more effective RNA decoy, we analyzed and compared the ability of a series of RNA decoy derivatives in inhibiting HIV-1 replication in CEM cells. Using an improved tRNA cassette to express high levels of RNA decoy transcripts in cells, we found that co-expression of both TAR and RRE decoys, in the form of an aligned sequence in a single transcription cassette, much more potently blocked cells from HIV-1 than the expression of only one kind of RNA decoy. This observation will have an important implication for experiments involving optimization of clinical applications in RNA decoy-based gene therapy against HIV-1.

• The Journal of Korean Society of Virology
• /
• v.26 no.1
• /
• pp.107-114
• /
• 1996

본 연구는 인간면역결핍바이러스의 입자를 비이온성 계면활성제로 처리할 때 바이러스 입자구조에서 분리되어 방출되는 바이러스 구조단백질들의 분포를 sucrose gradient로 분석하여, 바이러스 입자를 구성하는 바이러스 구조단백질과 바이러스입자의 생물리학적 특성을 연구하였다. 바이러스입자들을 0.16% NP40 (Nonidet P-40)으로 처리할 때, 바이러스 capsid 단백질과 바이러스 막 단백질 (membrance protein)들은 다른 바이러스 구성성분들과 잘 분리되었다. 계면활성제처리에서 방출되지 않은 구성 성분들은 matrix 단백질, nucleocapsid 단백질, reverse transcriptase, integrase 및 바이러스 RNA genome로써, 이들은 subviral 구조를 형성한다. 이러한 결과는 상대적으로 다른 바이러스들의 capsid 단백질과 면역 결핍 바이러스의 capsid 단백질 (p24)를 비교할 때, 면역결핍바이러스의 capsid 단백질은 바이러스핵을 형성할 때, capsid 단백질 사이의 결합력이 매우 약한 것으로 추정된다. 또한 바이러스 조절단백질의 하나인 vpr 단백질을 함유하는 바이러스입자를 NP40 처리하여 분석하였을 때, vpr 단백질은 subviral 구조에 존재하는 것으로 나타났다.

• The Journal of Korean Society of Virology
• /
• v.29 no.3
• /
• pp.183-193
• /
• 1999

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein is synthesized as a 160 KDa precursor, gp160, that is cleaved by a cellular protease to form the gp120 and gp41 subunits. Mammalian expression vectors were designed that are capable of efficient expression of various mutant envelope glycoproteins derived from a molecular clone of HIV-1. To construct these vectors, one type of mutation was made at the gp120-gp41 cleavage site by oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis. And another mutation was made to change amino acids in the membrane spanning region of HIV-1 gp41 important for membrane anchorage. Next, these two mutations were combined to generate a vector to have double mutations in cleavage site and membrane-spanning region. These mutants were transiently expressed in mammalian cells. The effect of these mutations on envelope glycoprotein synthesis, proteolytic processing and secretion was determined. In addition, cell surface expression and ability of the glycoprotein to induce syncytium formation were examined. This study provides a mammalian expression system that is capable of efficient expression and secretion of soluble gp160.

• BMB Reports
• /
• v.32 no.6
• /
• pp.599-604
• /
• 1999

A highly conserved amino acid, glutamic acid (Glu), present at position 152 in the catalytic domain of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) integrase (IN) protein has been known to be critical for enzymatic function since substitution of Glu 152 with other residues results in a complete loss of enzymatic activities. In order to better understand the role of Glu 152 as a conserved residue in enzymatic action, intragenic second site mutations have been introduced around residue 152 of a mutant IN (E152A), and their biochemical properties were analyzed in terms of enzymatic activities. Disintegration activities were found to be significantly restored in several second site mutant INs, while integration activities were only recovered weakly. However, endonucleolytic activities were not discovered in all the mutant INs. These findings indicate that the second site mutations can partially restore that catalytic structure of the active site disturbed by the E152A mutation and lead to the regaining of integration and disintegration activities. In addition, it is also suggested that endonucleolytic activity requires a more accurate structure of the catalytic site than that for the integration and disintegration activities.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
• /
• v.5 no.3
• /
• pp.170-173
• /
• 2000

The inhibitory effect of extracts from 15 edible plants on the protease of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 was investigated. Protease activity was determined by incubating the extracts in a reaction mixture containing protease and substrate His-Lys-Ala-Arg-Val-Leu-(p-NO$_2$-Phe)-Glu-Ala-Nle-Ser-NH$_2$ to inhibit proteolytic cleavage. Of various plants tested, the leaves of Cedrela sinensis inhibited the HIV-1 protease by 42% at a concentration of 100$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml. A major flavonoid isolated from the leaves of C. sinensis, quercetin 3-O-$\alpha$-L-rhamnoside showed inhibitory activity of 19% at a concentration of 100$\mu$M.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
• /
• v.7 no.2
• /
• pp.123-127
• /
• 2002

Ninety nine extracts from Korean plants were screened for their inhibitory activities on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 pretense by an HPLC method. The pretense inhibitory activities were determined by incubating the extracts in reaction mixtures containing pretense and substrate (His-Lys-Ala-Arg-Val-Leu-(p-NO$_2$- Phe)-Glu-Ala-Nle-Ser-NH$_2$) to perform proteolytic cleavage reactions. Of the extracts tested, the water extracts of Viburnum awabuki (stem and leaves) and Distylium racemosum (leaves) had the highest pretense inhibitory activities at a concentration of 100ug/mL. Activity-guided fractionation, revealed that the n-butanol fraction of the V. awabuki extract and the ethyl acetate fraction from the D. racemosum extract had the greatest inhibitory activity on HIV-1 pretense.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
• /
• v.45 no.4
• /
• pp.346-353
• /
• 2009

Viral, bacterial, and fungal infection can be transmitted from donor to recipient via transplantation of human amniotic membrane. Therefore human amniotic membrane for transplantation should be disinfected and sterilized before use. The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of the disinfection process and sterilization processes used at human tissue bank in the inactivation of viruses, bacteria, and fungi. A variety of experimental model viruses, bacteria, and fungus for human pathogens, including the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), bovine herpes virus (BHV), bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV), hepatitis A virus (HAV), porcine parvovirus (PPV), Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Candida albicans were all selected for this study. Enveloped viruses such as HIV-1, BHV, and BVDV were effectively inactivated to undetectable levels by 70% ethanol treatment, gamma irradiation process, and ethylene oxide (EO) gas sterilization process. Also non-enveloped viruses such as HAV and PPV were effectively inactivated to undetectable levels by gamma irradiation and EO gas treatment. However HAV and PPV showed high resistance to 70% ethanol treatment. E. coli and C. albicans were effectively inactivated to undetectable levels by 70% ethanol treatment, gamma irradiation process, and EO gas treatment. Also B. subtilis was effectively inactivated to undetectable levels by gamma irradiation process and EO gas treatment. However it showed high resistance to 70% ethanol treatment.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2005.10a
• /
• pp.779-779
• /
• 2005