• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 2007

In Korea, respect for the aged and filial devotion is treated as basic ethics for human life, and family takes care of the aged person mainly. Nowadays, family support on the aged person is prioritized than the others. However, number of aged person is growing, and family, which is used to protect the aged, becomes nuclear through industrialization. In addition, social advancement of female induces weakened supporting function of family, and all these issues generate the problem of protection for the aged as significant social problems. Author conducted oral inspection and questionnaire for the aged in some welfare facilities in Gyeongnam location from December 2005 to February 2006 to improve quality of life and oral hygiene of the aged. Through gathered data, the actual condition of oral hygiene management on the aged person in welfare facility was evaluated as fundamental data for project development on oral hygiene of aged person. Through the analysis of inspected data, the following conclusions are derived. 1. Management status of oral hygiene is mostly not good, and toothbrushing per day is 'one time' for the most cases. 2. In free-of-charge facility, monthly allowance is 'under 50 thousand won' for the most cases. 3. Time for visiting oral treatment facility is on 'when toothache is occurred' for the most cases. For treatment content, 'prosthetic dentistry' takes 36.8% in charged facility, and 'tooth extraction' is 27.0% for free-of-charge facility. 4. Average DMFT index of the aged in charged facility is 16.81, and free-of-charge facility is 21.71. 5. Average number of functional teeth in charged facility is 15.22, and free-of-charge facility shows 7.29. 6. Average number of remained teeth in charged facility is 15.71, and the umbe in free-of-charge facility is 9.04. 7. Average number of extractable teeth in charged facility is 0.48, and for free-of-charge facility, the number goes up to 1.70.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.51-59
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• 2016

Recent modern architecture shows a lot of cases that introduce natural light in indoor space, arousing diverse emotions within a minimal space by means of changes in the light. There are various causes for the background of these streams of times, and it may be said that pursuing the relationship between natural phenomena and space, using changes in light, is an important factor among them. This is closely linked to the raise of phenomenological architecture. In the case of Japan, there are many cases where the architectural language connected to the traditional architecture has been restructured to fit to modern architectural technique. The modern reinterpretation and development of the Japanese traditional effect of light and its meaning can be seen in cases of Kuma Kengo and Tadao Anndo. Of the modern architects that have used the appearance of spatial concept of light in Japanese architectural space, Kengo Kuma shows his attempt at finding identity in his designs through the acceptance and modern reinterpretation of orientalism of nature, along with the traditional and regional interpretation through materials and ways construction. It is his use oh light input used in traditional Japanese settings that have differentiated his work. On this, the present thesis intends to analyze and synthesize what impressions Kengo Kuma's unique methods of light production create in the formation of users' spatial perception, how the unique encounter of light and materials seems to perceivers, and the characteristics of his light production and expression that harmonize space, human, and nature in the visual and perceptual experience of space;

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.12
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• pp.4977-4980
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• 2015

Background: ASC-US cases are managed according to the current American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology (ASCCP) guideline in which a human papillomavirus (HPV) test and repeat Pap smear are performed in the next 1 year. Colposcopy in cases of positive high risk HPV and persistent ASC-US or more in subsequent Pap smear is recommended. The HPV test is more expensive and still not currently a routine practice in Thailand. Objective: To identify the risk factors of persisted abnormal Pap smear and the colposcopic requirement rate in women with ASC-US. Materials and Methods: During 2008-2013, this study was conducted in Prapokklao Hospital, Chanthaburi, Thailand. Participants were women who attended gynaecology clinic for cervical cancer screening. Women who had cytological reports with ASC-US were recruited. During the study period, 503 cases were enrolled. Colposcopic requirement was defined as those who were detected with an ASC-US or more in subsequent Pap smears up to 1 year follow-up. Results: The colposcopic referral rate was 23.2 (85/365) percent at 12 months. Prevalence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 2/3 was 3.3 (12/365) percent. Loss follow-up rate of subsequent Pap smear and colposcopic appointment were 27.4 (138/503) and 48.2 (41/85) percent, respectively. There was no invasive cancer. High risk factors for persisted abnormal Pap smears in subsequent test were premenopausal status, HIV infected patients and non-oral contraceptive pills (COC) users. Conclusions: Referral rate for colposcopy in women with ASC-US reports was rather high. Loss to follow-up rate was the major limitation. Immediate colposcopy should be offered for women who had high risk for silent CIN.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.15
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• pp.6121-6125
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• 2014

Background: Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a potential biomarker for early detection of prostate cancer (PCa) but its level is known to be affected by many background factors and roles of ubiquitous toxicants have not been determined. Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are ubiquitous reproductive toxicants used in consumer products, which promote tumor formation in some reproductive model systems by binding to AhR, but human data on its expression in prostate cancer as well as its association with PSA levels are not clear. This study aimed to evaluate the expression levels of AhR and its association with serological levels of PSA and to detect possible effects of background factors and EDC exposure history on PSA levels in PCa cases. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on the tissue levels of AhR and serum levels of PSA in 53 PCa cases from 2008-2011 and associations between each and background and lifestyle related factors were determined. Results: Although the AhR was overexpressed in PCa and correlated with the age of patients, it did not correlate with PSA levels.Of nutritional factors, increased intake of polysaturated fats and fish in the routine regimen of PCa cases increased the PSA levels significantly. Conclusions: AhR overexpression in PCa pontws to roles of EDCs in PCa but without any direct association with PSA levels. However, PSA levels are affected by exposure to possible toxicants in foods whichneed to be assessed as possible risk factors of PCa in future studies.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.9
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• pp.5067-5072
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• 2013

Background: The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway plays a significant role in apoptosis, cellular proliferation and motility. The aim of the present study was to analyze mutations and gene expression profiles of the PI3KCA gene to determine any role in breast carcinomas. Materials and Methods: We analyzed 38 breast cancers for mutations in the two PIK3CA hotspots in exons 9 and 20 by direct sequencing of DNA obtained from biopsy samples. We have also analyzed expression of the PI3KCA gene in 38 breast carcinoma tumor and corresponding control tissue samples at the mRNA level by RT-PCR. The Fisher's exact test ($2{\times}2$ only) was performed using MedCalc software for to examine associations with mRNA levels. Results: In the present study a total of 13 cases demonstrated somatic mutations. In 9/13 cases 1633 G>A (E545K) were found in exon 9, whereas in exon 20, 4/13 cases had 3140A>G mutation. Our combined analysis showed PI3KCA mutations present in 34% of human breast cancer patients. In our study, we have also clearly found significantly higher expression in breast cancer tissues in comparison with control tissues (p=0.001). Conclusions: PIK3CA mutation is an emerging tumor marker that, in the future, might be used in the process of choosing a treatment. The detection of PI3KCA mutation might have important clinical implications for diagnosis, progression and therapy.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.643-649
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• 2010

Evaluation of the primary etiologic agents that cause aseptic meningitis outbreaks may provide valuable information regarding the prevention and management of aseptic meningitis. In Korea, an outbreak of aseptic meningitis caused by echovirus type 30 (E30) occurred from May to October in 2008. In order to determine the etiologic agent, CSF and/or stool specimens from 140 children hospitalized for aseptic meningitis at Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital between June and October of 2008 were tested for virus isolation and identification. E30 accounted for 61.7% (37 cases) and echovirus 6 accounted for 21.7% (13 cases) of all the human enteroviruses (HEVs) isolates (60 cases in total). For the molecular characterization of the isolates, the VP1 gene sequence of 18 Korean E30 isolates was compared pairwise using the MegAlign with 34 reference strains from the GenBank database. The pairwise comparison of the nucleotide sequences of the VP1 genes demonstrated that the sequences of the Korean strains differed from those of lineage groups A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Reconstruction of the phylogenetic tree based on the complete VP1 nucleotide sequences resulted in a monophyletic tree, with eight clustered lineage groups. All Korean isolates were segregated from other lineage groups, thus suggesting that the Korean strains were a distinct lineage of E30, and a probable cause of this outbreak. This manuscript is the first report, to the best of our knowledge, of the molecular characteristics of E30 strains associated with an aseptic meningitis outbreak in Korea, and their respective phylogenetic relationships.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.80-84
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• 2009

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to assess the efficacy of a bioabsorbable polylactide (PLA) plate and screw for treating injuries of ankle fractures. Materials and Methods: 24 patients who underwent an open reduction and internal fixation operation for ankle fractures from July 2005 to March 2007 were enrolled into the study. There were 15 men and 9 women. The average age of the patients was 44 years and the average follow-up period was 16 years and two months (16.2 months). All cases were divided into low grade fracture patient (11) who belongs in type A and B of Danis-Weber classification and high grade fracture patient (13) who belongs in type C1, C2 of Danis-Weber classification, and each groups were analyzed by clinical (Meyer score) and radiological finding at the time of their last follow-up evaluation. Results: The clinical results according to Meyer scoring system, showed that all patient with low grade fracture had good to excellent result, but only 54% of patient with high grade fracture had good to excellent result. According to Cedell's radiologic finding, there were 91% cases above fair in low grade fracture. But there were 62% of patient above fair result in high grade fracture, the reduction losses were seen in 38% of patient with high grade fracture. Conclusion: Bioabsorbable PLA plate and screw is good internal fixation device which doesn't have additional operation for removal of implant because of slow absorption within the human body. It showed sufficient strength for acquisition and maintenance of reduction in low grade fracture, but need attention to use because of many cases of reduction loss in high grade fracture. So, it seems to be safe and effective when used in heeling of low grade fracture under considering about type of fracture sufficiently.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.85-92
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• 1999

Cryptosporidiosis is an intestinal disease caused by the protozoan Cryptosporidium parvum. The most common manifestation in human is enteric symptoms, which in immunocompetent hosts are self-limiting but can be life threatening in immunocompromised hosts, characterized by profuse watery diarrhea, abdominal pain, severe weight loss. It's prevalence rate in immunocompetent host is variable by geographic locations (3~11%) but up to 15~40% in AIDS patients. Now it is considered as one of the important enteropathogens causing diarrhea not only in immunocompromised but also in immunocompetent hosts, especially in children. We experienced two cases of cryptosporidiosis in a 15 year old boy who was admitted due to diarrhea, abdominal pain and fever and in a 8 year old boy who was admitted due to watery diarrhea and vomiting. These are the first clinical cases of cryptosporidiosis confirmed by electron microscopy of the colonic mucosa among immunocompetent children in Korea.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.31-39
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• 2009

In this research, I carried out the adsorption and removal test of Pb, Ni, Co and Cu ions using organic substances spread out any where in the nature which can be obtained easily from our neighbor-such as Paulownia coreana, Pinus densiflora, Juniperus chinesis, Quercus dentata, Magnolia kobus, Platanus occidentalis, Gingko biloba, Diospyros kaki leaves. As the result of the research to find the best optional condition for the adsorption and removal, shows that the adsorption and removal ratio of Pb ion by a Paulownia coreana raw leaves is 99% at $70^{\circ}C$, those of Ni ion and Co ion by Magnolia kobus formalin treatment leaves are 79% at $70^{\circ}C$, 97% at $40^{\circ}C$ respectively. And that of Cu ion by Platanus occidentalis treatment leaves is 97% at $50^{\circ}C$ in mixed solution. As the result of comparing the removal ratio by raw leaves and formalin treatment leaves, the removal ratio of treatment is 30~90% more effective than raw leaves in most cases. And I concluded Pb > Cu > Co > Ni ion in multiple solution and Co > Ni > Cu >Pb ion in single solution after testing adsorption and removal ratio of mixed solution separately as time goes by. In general, the reactions were completed within first 5 minutes. The test result of measuring the hydrolysable tannin content of each leaf shows that an overcup Quercus dentata is 11.36%, a Diospyros kaki is 10.81% and the rest of them are 2.49~4.12% in raw leaves cases. In treatment leaves cases, an overcup Quercus dentata is 3.23% and the others are less than 1%.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.142-147
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• 2011

Objective: This study was performed to evaluate testicular sperm chromatin condensation using aniline blue-eosin (AB-E) staining and its effects on IVF-ET. Methods: Chromatin condensation was analyzed using AB-E staining in 27 cases of testicular sperm extraction. There were 19 cases of obstructive azoospermia (OA) and 8 cases of non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) in IVF-ET. Mature sperm heads were stained red-pink whereas immature sperm heads were stained dark blue. The percentage of sperm chromatin condensation was calculated from the ratio of the number of red-pink sperm to the total number of sperm analyzed. Results: The overall percentages of chromatin condensation in OA and NOA were $31.1{\pm}11.2%$ and $26.3{\pm}14.4%$, respectively. The fertilization rate was significant higher in OA than NOA ($p$ <0.05); however, the rates of good embryos and clinical pregnancy did not show statistical differences. In OA and NOA, statistical differences were not observed in the rate of chromatin condensation, fertilization, good embryos, and clinical pregnancy between the pregnant group and non-pregnant group. Conclusion: Chromatin condensation is less stable than OA and showed a low fertilization rate in NOA. While there were no significant differences in chromatin condensation results between NOA and OA, we propose that a pattern of decreased chromatin condensation in NOA is one of the factors of low fertilization results requiring further study.