• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.149-166
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to analyze the regional disparity and its determinants of $CO_2$ emission from the residential energy consumption in China. This study examines factors that affect the $CO_2$ emission per capita using the panel model. The panel model was set by a balanced panel data for 30 provinces and for the period of 2006~2011. $CO_2$ emission per capita is used as the dependent variable and characteristics of the household and regional physical environmental factors are selected as the explanatory variables. The important findings can be summarized as follows. $CO_2$ emission per capita is influenced by the ratio of the graduate students, household size, the ratio of the old-aged, female economic participation rate. High residential density is negatively affected on $CO_2$ emission. The findings suggest that the effect of policies reducing $CO_2$ emission per capita may vary by characteristics of the household, energy sources and regional climate. The results of this empirical study give some implications to reduce the residential energy consumption in the era of climate change.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.30 no.3 s.47
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• pp.321-328
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• 2004

Nano silica ball and nano carbon ball are developed commercially by template synthesis method. Adsorption of unpleasant smelling substances such as ammonia, trimethylamine, acetaldehyde and methyl mercaptane onto nano carbon ball with hollow macroporous core/mesoporous shell structures, nano carbon ball, was investigated and compared with that onto odor adsorbent materials, activated carbon, commercially available. The adsorption and decomposition of malodor at nano carbon ball exhibited superior than those onto activated carbon. The physicochemical properties such as mesopore size distributions, large nitrogen BET specific surface area and large pore volume and decomposition of malodor were studied to interpret the predominant adsorption performance. The nano carbon ball is expected to be useful in many applications such as deodorizers, adsorbent of pollutants.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.197-208
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate the economic lives of single households with the age of 30 through less than 50. The economic life was examined in three aspects; income, assets, and consumption expenditures and patterns. One hundred sixty single households were surveyed, with questionnaires for 15days from April 1 to April 15 of 2002, and analyzed with descriptive statistics. The results were as follows: about 30.8% of total single households in the sample were in the income group of 1,500,000 thought less than 2,000,000 won. The size of income for the 30's was less than that for the 40's. Compared with male single households, female single households were more in both low and high levels of income. The saving rate tended more or less to be low. The more the age, the higher the saving rate. As for debt, the 40's single households, male single households, high school single households (compared to the 30's single households, female single households, university and graduate single households, respectively) were relatively higher. In general, the single households tended to have debts due to preparation for housing, credit over use. The assets tended to be managed by themselves. The economic preparation for the old life was done by banking system rather than insurance. The average monthly living costs was higher in the age of the 40's single than the age of the 30's single. The living costs of the female single households was higher or lower than those of the male single households. As for consumption patterns, there was the most in the expenditure allocation for food away from home, then for culture entertainmentㆍsocial life, and for clothing and shoes. As for the convenience of the consumption life in overall, there were more responses in moderation and inconvenience than in convenience.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.113-127
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• 1988

This paper attempts to investigate and analyze the change of the proportion of discretionary consumption expenditure (DCE) of main consumer goods among total household expenditure from 1964 to 1986 in Korea by reorganizing various data, particularly "Annual Report of Citizen's Household Experditure in Sooul".The result of the author's analysis can be summarized as follows. 1. The analysis shows that while the proportion of DCE in food has been increased during this period as the Korean economy developed, the value of income elasticity for beverages, liguor, out-door eating and processed food products which consist of major part of food, has been successively decreased. And also, though the absolute value of income elasticity for grain products has been increased, its proportion among total expenditure has been successively decreased. From these trends, we can conclude that general consumption pattern has a tendency to change from dependence on main grain products to the more utilization of out-door eating or processed food products. 2. The ratio of DEC of furnitures to housing expenditure has played a role of indicator of business cycle, reflecting the consumers' psychological expectation fro general economic trend. 3. In case of the proportion of DCE of clothes, there has been no great change. 4. As for as DCE of sundry expenditure is concerned, there has been no-great change in The proportion itself/ However. as the ratio of sundry expenditure to total household expenditure has been greatly increased, expenditure for leisure disproportionately increased. 5. The proportion of total DCE in total consumption expenditure, as in the case of housing, has been increased, which coincided exactly with business cyele appeared during this period. In fact, when Korea economy experienced a severe recession in 193 and 1980, that proportion deeply went down respectively, and again went up after those years. Accordingly, we can generalize that the size of DCE deperds on the formation of consumer's psychological expectation toward economy, which confirms George Katona's early proposition.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the preference trend of children in the child-care centers in relation to certain environmental factors such as size of the residing town. This evaluation was conducted using questionnaire survey where the mother of each child was required to complete a preference questionnaire including 83 food items. Statistical data analysis was completed using SAS package program. The results of this survey showed the followings : 1. Generally, the preference level of the children living in large cities were higher than of medium cities except in case of vegetables, while the preference level of the children living in large cities were higher than those of rural area except in case of hard-boiling(jorim) and vegetables. The subjects showed high preferences to bulgogi(4.53), pork-cutlet(4.52), fried chicken(4.51), jajangmyone(4.45), kimgui(4.43), roasted fish(4.31), roasted ham(4.13). 2. There was a tendency that a la carte, bread and noodles received higher preference scores. Items of Korean style soup attained higher preference scores than stew(ggigae). The preference scores of fired, broiled or pan-fried items(jun) were higher than those of other items such as seasoned vegetables(namool). 3. The preference scores of children (routinely or occasionally) skipping breakfast or supper were generally low. There was no significant difference according to the existence of mother's job except in case of steamed or pan-fried items, provided that the preference scores of the size of the monthly income of the household except stew, provide that the preference scores of the children whose household had lower income were slightly higher in general.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.55-65
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• 2013

Korean Government has developed Sejong City as a new administration city. This city of future was planned and designed toward one of the most eco-friendly city on the basis of ICTs. To attain this object, a carbon emission monitoring system (CEMS) was designed and installed as a part of u-city service which provides various information anytime and anywhere to enrich the people's quality of life. In this paper, at first, the structure and functions of CEMS are introduced. This system is consist of 5 parts - data collection from user and linked public DBs, transforming data into meaningful information for the policy makers, system-user interfacing via statistical tables and graphs, and system maintenance. This system can be operated by the citizen participation through whole the process. With the help of GIS map and graphic interface, statistics of monitored data for both citizen and decision maker provided and after feed-back, they have affected on the behaviour of citizen's energy consumption and related policy as well. By the CEMS, energy consumption data of 124 agreed households were collected during 9 months in 2012. Electricity, gas and water consumption were remote-metered automatically by the system and analysed. This showed that more than 85% of CO2 emission is rely on electricity usage. Furthermore, number of family members and size of house influences on the emission of CO2 by each household together with the life-style of the occupants. Electricity and water consumption showed the seasonal factor while gas consumption represents the number of family members. Even this paper has limitations caused by 9 months of data collection, it shows the policy directions to reduce the emission of CO2 focusing on the house size and number of family members of each households. With the result of this research, life-style of the generation of dwellers should be investigated and the CO2 emission characteristics of other housing type as well for the data building for future policy making.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.137-143
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• 2016

Purpose: Apartment housing should conduct a cyclic repair to keep and maintain the building performance since they are constructed. Therefore, the repair plan would be provided for long term period which explains the repair time, items and repair cost. Residents of apartment housing are responsible to pay for the repair activities. For repair cost, residents would reserve the money for repair little by little continuously until the required repair time because the repair cost takes a big burden for residents and lots of money a time. But, there is no systematic approach to provide the long term repair cost because it is no proper forecast of the repair cost to the upcoming repair time. In this study, it aimed at providing the monthly accumulation of the long term repair cost with the survey data in Seoul. Method: For these, the surveyed data are classified into 6 categories and number of data are 1,918. In addition, it developed the repair cost model for the 24 repair works and the cumulation function which is reflected with the each cost model. Result: This study are shown as follows : First, among the various estimation for the repair cost, the power function has a goodness of fit in statistics. Second, the monthly accumulation would be 12,840 won/household in size of $100,000m^2$ management area and $81.7won/m^2$ in size of the 1,000 household number during 40 years.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.767-777
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• 2014

Characterizing local chicken types and their mostly rural production systems is prerequisite for designing and implementing development and conservation programs. This study evaluated the management practices of small-scale chicken keepers and the phenotypic and production traits of their chickens in Oman, where conservation programs for local livestock breeds have currently started. Free-range scavenging was the dominant production system, and logistic regression analysis showed that socio-economic factors such as training in poultry keeping, household income, income from farming and gender of chicken owners influenced feeding, housing, and health care practices (p<0.05). A large variation in plumage and shank colors, comb types and other phenotypic traits within and between Omani chicken populations were observed. Male and female body weight differed (p<0.05), being $1.3{\pm}0.65$ kg and $1.1{\pm}0.86$ kg respectively. Flock size averaged $22{\pm}7.7$ birds per household with 4.8 hens per cock. Clutch size was $12.3{\pm}2.85$ and annual production $64.5{\pm}2.85$ eggs per hen. Egg hatchability averaged $88{\pm}6.0%$ and annual chicken mortality across all age and sex categories was $16{\pm}1.4%$. The strong involvement of women in chicken keeping makes them key stakeholders in future development and conservation programs, but the latter should be preceded by a comprehensive study of the genetic diversity of the Omani chicken populations.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.83-101
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• 2008

This research performs a multi comparison between the age of old households and the economic structure according to accommodation type as well as analyzing the economical structural difference of each type based on the features of aged households. The paper classified aged households into 3 groups according to age distribution. The economic structure analysis according to the age of old households and accommodation type was shown as follow: First, the economical structural analysis based on the age of old households showed a statistical difference in the total, labor, business, property and transfer income variables according to the age of each sample group. However, the non-business income and liabilities did not show a significant difference. Second, in the analysis of different economic earnings and initial expenses of middle-aged households according to the age distribution group showed a disparity in the total, labor, business, property, and transfer income variables according to the age of each sample group. However, aged households showed a statistical difference in total, labor, business and transfer income variables. Third, in the analysis of difference in the expense provision and size of consumption, there was a statistical difference in the expense variables of total consumption, food, dining out, electricity, water, furniture, kitchen supplies, clothing, shoe, education, culture, entertainment, transportation, and communication. Fourth, in the analysis of difference in the size of consumption expense, the initial and middle-aged households showed a statistical difference in the total consumption, food, dining out, electricity, water, furniture, kitchen supplies, clothing, shoe, education, culture, entertainment, transportation, communication, and consumption expense variables. However, the analysis of aged households has shown a statistical difference in the total consumption, food, dining out, electricity, water, furniture, kitchen supplies, clothing, shoe, education, culture, entertainment, transportation, and communication expense variables. The study found a statistical difference in the expense for hygienics that did not appear in the initial and middle-aged households.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.316-329
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• 2023

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the association between dietary quality based on the Korean Healthy Eating Index (KHEI), and the prevalence of chronic conditions among middle-aged individuals (40-60 yrs of age) living alone. MATERIALS/METHODS: The participants were selected (1,517 men and 2,596 women) from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2016-2018 and classified into single-person households (SPH) and multi-person households (MPH). Nutrient intake, KHEI, and the prevalence of chronic conditions were compared according to household size. The odds ratios (ORs) of chronic conditions were analyzed according to the tertile levels of KHEI by gender within each household size category. RESULTS: Men in SPH had a significantly lower total KHEI score (P < 0.0001) and a lower prevalence of obesity (OR, 0.576) than those in MPH. For men, the adjusted ORs for obesity, hypertension, and hypertriglyceridemia in the first tertile (T1) of KHEI scores within SPH compared with the third tertile (T3) were 4.625, 3.790, and 4.333, respectively. Moreover, the adjusted OR for hypertriglyceridemia in the T1 group compared to the T3 group within the MPH was 1.556. For women, the adjusted ORs for obesity and hypertriglyceridemia in T1 compared to T3 within the SPH were 3.223 and 7.134, respectively, and 1.573 and 1.373 for obesity and hypertension, respectively, within MPH. CONCLUSIONS: A healthy eating index was associated with a reduced risk of chronic conditions in middle-aged adults. Greater adherence to a healthy eating index could lower the risk of chronic conditions in middle-aged adults living alone.