• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.276-295
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• 2001

In this paper, Korean's dining-out behaviors were compared and investigated according to gender and age. The change and the problem of dietary pattern in Korea were understood and we intend to provide the basic information for guidelines of Korean's dietary habits. The subjects are composed of 46.5% male and 53.5% female. According to age, groups aged $10{\sim}19$ are 26.3%, 20's are 24.6%, 30's are 16.8%, 40's are 18.7%, and 50 and over age group is 13.6%. All of the age groups ate out for celebration of a special day or for social purposes. When dining-out, the most important criteria for selecting a restaurant was the taste of food. All age groups liked Korean-style restaurants the most. All age group eat a house meal at breakfast. At lunch, age groups 40 and below go to a restaurant in school or company and 50 and over age group eats house meal. In general, all age groups ate a house meal at dinner. At breakfast, all the age groups do not eat out. For lunch, they eat out four or five times a week. For dinner, the most of age groups except the 20's eat out two or three times a month and for the 20's age group, two or three times a week. The reason for selecting a Korean-style restaurant is that the food is 'well matched with one's appetite'. According to the above results, the dietary habits of 30 and over age groups are relatively good. On the other hand, in 10's and 20's age groups, they have an irregular meal and the ratio of skipping a meal is high. And they frequently use fast-food restaurants. In the future, the unbalance of nutrition in these age groups is expected. Therefore, the correct nutritional facts should be educated so that these age groups have a healthy dietary habit.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.213-220
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• 1994

Customary usage of oil at homes and rancidity of edible soybean oil by cooking frequency at homes and mass meal services were investigated. 80% of house wives bought the cooking oil by 1.8ι unit container and 70% of them read either the manufactured date or explanatory note for use. 85% of house wives kept oil in the storage case under sink or in the pantry chest, and 80% of oils were used once or twice and 20% used three times for cooking. Acid value(AV), iodine value(IV), peroxide value(POV), carbonyl value(CoV) and thiobarbituric acid value(TBAV) of fresh soybean oil were lower than standard level. In the rancidity by cooking frequency, the acid value, peroxide value, carbonyl value and thiobarbituric acid value increased significantly when oil was used once and iodine value decreased significantly when used once and twice at both mass meal services and homes. The level of the acid value, iodine value, carbonyl value and thiobarbituric acid value of oil used at mass meal services did not show significant difference from those of oil used at homes. But, the peroxide value of oil used thrice at mass meal services was significantly higher than those of homes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.33-42
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• 2001

The purposes of this study were to assess dietary intake obtained by easy method and to compare dietary behavior of house wife and female college students in Yanbian. The subjects consisted of 276 house wives and 228 female college students. Mean daily energy intake of house wives was 1926.0kcal and that of female college students was 1949.0kcal. Calcium intake as NAR(Nutrient adequacy ratio) was lowest in house wife and female college student. Iron intake was also low in subjects and lower in female college student than in house wife. Meal frequency per day was regular in subjects. Skipping meal time in subjects was breakfast and snaking time was late evening generally. Frequency of eating out was rare in most subjects and 60.6% of subjects preferred chinese food in eating out, while house wives preferred Korean food than female college student in eating out. The vegetables were preferred than meat or fish and used by fried in sauces. Hot and sour tastes were more like than greasy taste in subjects. Nutrient intake levels and dietary behaviors of house wife were to be like as those of female college students in general. BMI(Body mass index) was lower in female collage students than house wives, similarly in Korean. According to these results, house wives and female college students in Yanbian had similar dietary patterns. Calcium intake was tend to be low and dietary pattern was regular, dietary qualifies of subjects were adequate. Nutrient intake and dietary pattern in Yanbian were to be like as in Korean, and the Korean-Chinese in Yanbian maintained traditional dietary pattern.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.41-49
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• 2001

This study attempts to present a new interpretation of the Jeju province Waga, authorized as Jeju province Folklore, in the context of lifestyles of residents distinctive in the Jungji, Chatbang, and Gopang system. Study results uncovered that (1) only one Jungji, a traditional house kitchen, exists in one house boundary, in the form of detached building in the 4 units of Gaok (K-2 Gaok, K-3 Gaok, C-1 Gaok, and C-2 Gaok) (2) Chatbang had multifaced-functions; as a place for diet for mistress and children, a place for preparing meals for a mister who diet in the room, and as an auxiliary meal-preparation facility in time of domestic celebration day. (3) Gopang was mostly a place for grain storage, and K-3 Gaok has one unit, K-1 Gaok, C-1 Gaok, and C-2 Gaok had 2 units, and K-2 Gaok and H Gaok had 3 untis of Gopang. (4) Jungji and Chatbang were correlated for meal preparation and diet while activity-line of flow was divided each other. (5) Jungji and Gopang were located at the opposite edges of of each house, revealing no consideration of indoor activities. (6) The ratios of space of Jungji, Chatbang and Gopang out of the whole house space were, average 23% in the case of Jungji located in the inner house, and average 37% in the case of Jingji located in the detached building, average 14% larger in the case of detached Jungji system.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.63-82
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• 2009

This review was conducted to the study on treatment of poultry waste by earthworms, and the effect of feeding earthworms meal on the performance of broilers and laying hens, and safety of meat and egg. 1. The pro-environmental chicken house was building in Daegu National University of Education, Daegu city, chicken wastes will be turn into high quality compost by vermicomposting uses earthworms in the house. 2. The earthworm meal (EWM) has a high proteinic content and a balanced amino acid and fatty acid profile, therefore most feeding applications has been evaluated with mono-gastric animals. 3. The dietary supplementations of 0.2 to 0.4% EWM were effective in improve digestibility of crude protein of diet resulted improved broiler performance in broiler chickens. 4. The supplementing 0.2 to 0.6% of earthworm meal in the laying hens diet, improves the laying performance and egg quality, especially ratio of egg yolk n-6/n-3 fatty acids contents. 5. As, Cd, Cr, Hg and Pb were detected at level of 4.41, 1.23, 1.18, 0.00 and 3.39ppm in earthworm meal, respectively, but those were not detected in the chicken meat and egg. therefore supplementing 0.6% of EWM in the chicken diet, it still did not affect meat and egg safety. 6. These results indicated that vermicompositing uses earthworms good a subject matter in the pro-environmental animal husbandry.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.10
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• pp.1445-1450
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• 2012

A study was conducted to evaluate effects of alfalfa meal on growth performance and gastrointestinal tract development of growing layer ducks to provide evidence for application of alfalfa meal in the duck industry. Two hundred and fifty-six healthy Shaoxing 7-wk old growing layer ducks were selected and randomly allocated to 1 of 4 dietary treatments based on corn and soybean meal and containing 0, 3, 6, and 9% of alfalfa meal for 8 wks. Each treatment consisted of 4 replicates of 16 ducks each. Briefly, birds were raised in separate compartments, and each compartment consisted of three parts: indoor floor house, adjacent open area and a connecting water area. The results showed: i) Growing ducks fed alfalfa meal diet were not significantly different in average daily gain, feed intake and gain-to-feed ratio from those fed no alfalfa diet (p>0.05). ii) Alfalfa meal increased the ratio crop, gizzard to live weight, caecum to live weight, the caecum index of growing ducks (p<0.05). iii) Villus height in duodenum and jejunum of growing ducks increased significantly with the increase of alfalfa meal levels (p<0.05). Crypt depth in duodenum and jejunum of growing ducks decreased significantly with the increase of alfalfa meal levels (p<0.05). This experiment showed that feeding of alfalfa meal to growing layer ducks could improve gastrointestinal tract growth and small intestinal morphology without effect on performance. This experiment provides evidence that alfalfa meal is a very valuable feedstuff for growing layer ducks.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.398-412
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to identify a relationship between housework hours and fatigue level in middle-aged women. The subjects were 204 women living in Seoul and near the city, ranging in ages of 30-59(mean = 41.6 year) and were interviewed during the month of Oct. to Dec. 1999. The following questionnaires were utilized in this study: a self reporting housework time measurement table and a fatigue symptom scale originated from Yoshitake (1978). The analysis of the data was done by SAS program, t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson correlation. The results of this study were as follows : 1. Total mean hours of housework of the subjects were shown 9.2 hours on weekdays and 8.9 hours on weekend. Mean hours according to the area of houseworks on weekdays and on weekend were preparing and providing meal 3.9 and 4.2, doing laundry and maintaining clothes 3.1 and 1.6, keeping and maintaining house 1.6 and 1.4, caring family 1.3 and 1.2, and keeping household records 0.5 both. 2. With respect to the general characteristics of the subjects, there were significantly difference in age, job, religion, type of family, number of children, experience of present and previous illness, and perceived body size. 3. Average fatigue scores of the subjects were 16.6 of total score 60. Fatigue scores by the area were neuroperceptive fatigue 6.5, mental fatigue 5.2, and physical fatigue 4.9 in order. There were significantly differences in the score of fatigue by religion, number of family, present illness, and perception of body size. 4. There were significantly positive relationships in the scores of fatigue with the total hours of housework, preparing and providing meal, doing laundry and maintaining clothes, keeping and maintaining house, and caring family. 5. The physical fatigue scores were positively related with the areas of preparing and providing meal, doing laundry and maintaining clothes. While the mental fatigue scores were positively related the areas of preparing and providing meal, caring family, and keeping and maintaining house, and neuroperceptive fatigue scores were positively related with the areas of keeping and maintaining house and caring family. The recommendations from this study were further studies to investigate how middle-aged women manage their fatigue level, increase public awareness of middle aged women's fatigue level, and develop programs for middle-aged women to help with high fatigue.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.57-64
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• 2006

This research is the survey result of the retirement house in Ochiai area that is a famous as mountain village of Japan. This area is being formed in a steep slope and be arranged the building long a side along the contour line. As for the plan type of a main house 'the middle bedroom three-madori(bay) type' and 'the parallel two madori(bay) type' occupy many. As for in the retirement custom of Ochiai area the independence family style (separation/ separate meal/separate household economy) is a principle and a parents family builds the retirement house and move out. The plan. of the retirement house is two-room type of 'Omote(public room) and Uchi(kitchen and living room)' and agree with the plane prototype 'plan constitution of a necessary minimum' of farmhouse of this area. The reconstruction that the retirement house is remodeled handily with a main home, especially intend the convenience of the life such as a kitchen and toilet has been done. The retirement custom has been succeeded thoroughly until recent years in this area. However, this traditional custom is seeing the end, without there is the successor of a main house with depopulation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.980-983
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• 2004

A 16 week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of replacement of soybean meal (SM) by extracted cottonseed meal (CSM) on laying performance and haemoglobin levels in practical diets for breeder Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). One hundred ninety two quails (6 weeks old) were divided randomly into eight groups. The diets were isocaloric containing 2,900 kcal/kg of ME and isonitrogenous (% 20 crude protein) as fed basis. SM was replaced by 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0, 12.5, 15.0 and 17.5% of CSM, respectively. Average egg production (quail day, %; quail house, %), egg weight (g), daily feed intake (g/bird), feed efficiency ratio (g feed/g egg) data indicated no significant differences among the treatments; while, blood haemoglobin levels (% g Hb) of 7th (15.0% CSM) and 8th (17.5% CSM) group were lower than the control (0% CSM) diet (p<0.05). This experiment indicated that 17.5% CSM could replace SM (providing 44% of SM protein) in practical diets of breeder Japanese quails without any significant impairment on laying performance.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.72-76
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• 1998

In order to investigate the emission pattern of sulphur dioxide gas from the soils in the plastic film house, the amounts of sulphur dioxide gas emitted from soils was periodically measured either in the plastic film house condition or in the incubator where the interior temperature was controlled to 10, 20. 30 and $40^{\circ}C$. Each soil was mixed with either mushroom, poultry, pig or fish meal compost at the rate of 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50g/kg for individual treatment and then treated with addition of 50, 100, 150 and 200ml of water. A significant increase in the emission of sulphur dioxide gas was observed in the treatment of fish meal compost and such increase was initiated from the rate of l0g/kg, while little difference was observed in other treatments. Compared to upland soils, as control, the horticultural soils containing higher sulphur content emitted more sulphur dioxide. The emission of sulphur dioxide was favoured as temperature increased and was highest with the addition of 150ml of water.