• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.355-367
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• 2017

In India, the current operation of condenser cooling system & effluent disposal system in existing power plants aims to reduce drawal of seawater and to achieve Zero Liquid Discharge to meet the demands of statutory requirements, water scarcity and ecological system. Particularly in the Steam-Electric power plants, condenser cooling system adopts Once through cooling (OTC) system which requires more drawal of seawater and effluent disposal system adopts sea outfall system which discharges hot water into sea. This paper presents an overview of closed-loop technology for condenser cooling system and to achieve Zero Liquid Discharge plant in Steam-Electric power plants making it lesser drawal of seawater and complete elimination of hot water discharges into sea. The closed-loop technology for condenser cooling system reduces the drawal of seawater by 92% and Zero Liquid Discharge plant eliminates the hot water discharges into sea by 100%. Further, the proposed modification generates revenue out of selling potable water and ZLD free flowing solids at INR 81,97,20,000 per annum (considering INR 60/Cu.m, 330 days/year and 90% availability) and INR 23,760 per annum (considering INR 100/Ton, 330 days/year and 90% availability) respectively. This proposed modification costs INR 870,00,00,000 with payback period of less than 11 years. The conventional technology can be replaced with this proposed technique in the existing and upcoming power plants.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.317-319
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• 2002

Exo-polygalacturonase (EPG) from Rhizopus sp. was applied to the extraction of alginic acid from sea mustard to increase extraction yield. EPG digestion was examined under distinct conditions within temperatures from $25^{\circ}C$ to 5$0^{\circ}C$, pH 5 to 9, and treatment times from 0 to 36 hr. The optimal conditions fur alginic acid extraction with EPG were: pH 7.0 at 3$0^{\circ}C$ for 24 hrs. The EPG hot water extraction yield was 3.4 times higher yield than hot water extraction alone. Using EPG to extract alginic acid from sea mustard should be considered a viable alternative to conventional extraction, with the advantage of reducing hazardous wastes such as strong acid and alkali solutions.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.797-802
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• 2011

I assessed the B($a$)P content from the Ginseng extract, Red ginseng extract, and Ssangwha extract which have high viscosities. It wasn't easy to extract oil from these samples, consequently measuring of B($a$)P was difficult. In order to know the exact detecting contents, I injected standard material of B($a$)P to the above extractions and pre-treated for measurement but it was also difficult to measure of contents exactly. To improve of detecting method, I removed mucinous materials using a 85% phosphoric acid solution or 10% citric acid solution and then processed continuously with $60^{\circ}C$ hot water. The analysis revealed that extracting the samples contained B($a$)P determined the rate of each 70%, 55%, 67% could increase. As a result the detecting method of B($a$)P contents could be improved.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.179-182
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• 2003

Anaerobic fermentation was attempted to produce methane from the wood chip (Eucalyptus globulus). By the pretreatment of the wood chip using hot water with high temperature, NaOH, and steam explosion, the production of methane gas was enhanced. The pretreatment using Steam explosion resulted in more amount of methane gas produced than the treatment using either hot water or 1% (w/w) NaOH with high temperature, and the steam explosion at a steam pressure of 25 atm and a steaming time of 3 min was the most effective for the methane production. The amount of methane gas produced depended on the ratio of weight of Klason lignin, a high molecular weight lignin, in the treated wood chip.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.25 no.10
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• pp.517-524
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• 2022

Over production of methylglyoxal (MGO) a highly reactive dicarbonyl compound, has been associated in progressive diabetes with vascular complication. Therefore, we investigated whether hot water extract of Loliolus beka meat (LBM-HWE) presents a preserve effect against MGO-induced cellular damage in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The LBM-HWE extract showed to inhibit MGO-induced cytotoxicity. Additionally, the LBM-HWE reduced mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and reduced MGO-induced advanced glycation end product (AGEs) formation. Furthermore, LBM-HWE induced glyoxalase-1 mRNA expression and reduced MGO-induced carbonyl protein formation in HUVECs. The results implicate that LBM-HWE has protective ability against MGO-induced HUVECs toxicity by preventing AGEs formation. In conclusion, LBM-HWE could be used as a potential treatment material for the prevention of vascular complications of diabetes.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.10
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• pp.1435-1441
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• 2017

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the effect of adding water to total mixed ration (TMR) on fresh water intake, nutrient digestibility, wool cortisol, and blood indices in Corriedale ewes under hot and humid conditions. Methods: Nine non-pregnant Corriedale ewes (ave. body weight = $41{\pm}3.5kg$) were individually fed diets based on maintenance requirements in metabolic crates. Ewes were assigned to three treatment groups according to a triplicate $3{\times}3$ Latin Square design for 3 periods of 21 days duration each (9 ewes per treatment, 27 replications). Treatments were TMR (crude protein [CP] = 16.1, total digestible nutrients = 69.1%) moisture levels for 40%, 50%, and 60%. Results: No differences were found in body weight gain among all treatment groups (p>0.05). Nitrogen balance including digestible N, retained N, and urinary and fecal N showed no change among the treatment groups (p>0.05). Fresh water intake was the lower in 50% TMR moisture group than in the other groups (p<0.05). Other than ether extract which was higher in 60% TMR moisture group (p<0.05) the differences among nutrient digestibilities including CP, organic matter, dry matter, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and non-fiber carbohydrate were not significant (p>0.05). No significant difference was observed for serum protein, blood urea nitrogen, glucose, and triglyceride among the treatment groups (p>0.05). Wool and blood cortisol were not different among the treatment groups (p>0.05). Blood hematology including red blood cell, white blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, basophils, and eosinophils were not different among the treatment groups (p>0.05). Conclusion: It is concluded that TMR moisture at 40%, 50%, and 60% had no effects on N balance parameters, and nutrient digestibilities except for the ether extract under hot and humid conditions. Additionally there were no effects on stress conditions include wool cortisol, as well as blood cortisol levels of ewes.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.20-25
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• 1996

Wood chips of oak(Quercus mongolica) and larch(Larix leptolepis) were exploded with the optimum condition. Main components of exploded wood were separated with hot hot water and methanol. The hemicelluloses were purified from hot water extracts and alditol complexs were prepared from purified hemicellulose. And also, cellulose nitrate was prepared from extractive residue and characterized. The results can be summarized as follows. 1. Amounts of carbohydrate(72~79%) in the crude hemicellulose of larch wood was more than those of oak wood(55~66%). 2. The crude hemicelluloses were mainly composed of oligosaccharides in oak wood but those in larch wood contained about 50% monosaccharides. 3. Decolorization of hemicellulose was successful with activated charcoal and ion-exchange resin treatment. The alditol yields were 56.3~82.9%. 4. The degree of substitution(D.S.) of cellulose nitrate was 1.95~2.87 and it showed a good acetone solubility.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.166-172
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the treatment ability of refractory organics in hot rolling precess waste water by redox(reduction and oxidation) reaction. Metal is oxidized in an aqueous solution to generate electron which can reduce water to generate hydroxy radical. These hydroxy radical is very effective to conduct hydrogen abstraction reaction and addition reaction to the carbon - carbon unsaturated link. The surface area of metal alloy reaction material is more than enough to get equilibrium at a single treatment. The efficiency of COD treatment by redox reaction showed maximum at mild pH of pH 7 and pH 6. But it was not effective in acidic atmosphere of pH 3, 4, 5 and basic atmosphere of pH 8 or over. Redox reaction system in much more helpful in a commercial coagulation sedimentation treatment than exclusive system.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.52-61
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• 2009

Purpose of this research is deducing optimum pretreatment method of electric arc furnace slag from comparing and investigating the properties of electric arc furnace slag and electric arc furnace slag concrete by existing pretreatment method and surface pretreatment method being used by this research. Besides, as the surface pretreatment method, the method of naturally drying for 6 hours after impregnating with an inorganic type silica solution for 1 day was used. From the results, comparing the hot water treatment method, surface treatment method being used by this research is more effective. Therefore, it is judged that surface treatment method is more effective in the decrease of expansibility of electric arc furnace slag and practical use.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2017

Objective: This study investigated the effect of purified Carthamus tinctorius (C. tinctorius) extracted with a hot water and ethanol method on adipogenic differentiation of mouse bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal stem cells (mBMSCs). Methods: The C. tinctorius was extracted using hot water and ethanol. The samples were concentrated by a rotary evaporator and were then dried using a freeze-dryer. The mBMSCs were cultured and maintained in a minimum essential medium eagle alpha (${\alpha}-MEM$) supplemented with 10% FBS and 1% antibiotic antimycotic solution. To induce adipogenic differentiation, the cells were treated with Dulbecco's modified eagle's medium-low glucose (DMEM-LG) containing 1 mg/mL insulin, 1 mM dexamethasone, and 0.5 mM 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine. To evaluate the adipogenic differentiation ability, oil-red O staining was performed after adipogenic differentiation for 21 days. The mRNA expression and protein level of adipogenic-related genes were quantified by quantitative real-time PCR and western blotting, respectively. Results: In the results of the MTT assay, no concentrations of C. tinctorius extracts showed toxicity on mBMSCs, so we fixed the treatment concentration of the extract at 100 ng/mL. In oil-red O staining, the water-C. tinctorius extract treatment significantly decreased adipogenic differentiation compared with the control and ethanol extract groups. The water-C. tinctorius extract group in particular showed reduced mRNA and protein expression of Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ($Ppar{\gamma}$) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha ($C/ebp{\alpha}$), which are adipogenic-related transcription factors. Conclusion: These data suggest that extract of C. tinctorius decreased the adipogenic differentiation of mBMSCs, while only water-C. tinctorius extract had an effect on different adipogenesis in mBMSCs. The C. tinctorius will be a useful therapeutic reagent for the prevention of obesity-related diseases such as diabetes, hyperlipidemia, coronary artery disease, and osteoporosis.