• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.19 no.12
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• pp.857-864
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• 2007

In the current residential building, hot water supply system consumes the second largest energy in order to make the thermal comport condition of residential space. The more residential environment improves the more the demand for hot water and water consumption is increasing gradually. So this study examines the possibility of applying the recirculation for individual hot water supply system compared with the existing method for waiting time for hot water, wasted water and energy consumption. The results are as follows. (1) In case of recirculation system method the waiting time for hot water can be reduced up to $69\sim85%$ in spring and fall period and so dose up to $77\sim85%$ in winter period. (2) The total wasted water has a little change compared with the existing method which can make the total wasted water reduced about $77\sim86%$. (3) The efficiency of hot water supply system can be improved, if the method which blocks the inflow of cold water is applied, when return pump is operated to recirculate hot water in recirculation system.

• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.17-24
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to analyze the Comparative Study to extract the spatial factor of Hydro-therapy complex in the health spa facilities that was composed of the Hydro-therapy space, sport space, leisure space, lodging space, adminstration space. The results of this study were as follows ; the hot spring complex in korea can be converted into the hydro-therapy complex. The spatial factor of functional replacement must include to the consultation room, medical cure room, inspection room and the exercise consultation pool as the consultation space.

• ALGAE
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.185-193
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• 2009

Geothermal springs in India, formed as a result of volcanic or tectonic activities, are characterized by high temperature and relatively abundant reduced compounds. These thermal springs are inhabited by characteristic thermophilic organisms including cyanobacteria. Cyanobacteria are among the few organisms that can occupy high temperature aquatic environments including hot springs. In alkaline and neutral hot springs and streams flowing from them cyanobacteria can form thick colourful mats that exhibit banding patterns. The present investigation involves study of mat forming cyanobacterial flora from hot springs located in Bakreswar, West Bengal, India. The important species found are Synechococcus bigranulatus, S. lividus, Gloeocapsa gelatinosa, G. muralis, Phormidium laminosum, P. frigidum, Oscillatoria princes, O. fragilis, Lyngbya lutea, Pseudanabaena sp., Calothrix thermalis, and Fischerella thermalis. Their distribution pattern in relation to physico-chemical parameters of spring water has also been studied. Three cyanobacterial strains of the above mentioned list were grown in culture and their pigment content and nitrogen fixing capacity were also studied. Nitrogen fixing capacities of Calothrix thermalis, Nostoc sp. (isolated in culture) and Fischerella thermalis are 5.14, 0.29, and 2.60 n mole $C_2H_4/{\mu}g$ of Chl-${\alpha}$/hr respectively. Carotenoid : Chlorophyll-${\alpha}$ ratio of four mat samples collected from Kharkunda, Suryakunda, Dudhkunda and bathing pool are 2.45, 1.60, 1.48, and 1.34, respectively. Higher value of Carotenoid : Chlorophyll-${\alpha}$ ratio coincided with higher temperature.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Technology of Plasticity Conference
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• 1996.03b
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• pp.93-100
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• 1996

In this paper, a computer simulationtechnique for the forging process having a spring-attached die was presented . The penalty rigid-thermoviscoplastic finite element method was empolyed together with an interatively force-balancing method, in which the convergence was achieved when the forming load and the spring reaction force are in equilibrium within the user-specified allowable accuracy. The force balance was controled by adjusting the velocity of the spring-attched die. th minimize the number of internations, a velocity estimating schemewas proposed. Two application examples found in the related company were given. In the first application example, the predicted metal folw lines were compared with the acturally forged ones. in the second example, a hot forging process with a spring-attached die was simulated and the analyzed results were discussed in order to investigated the effects of spring-attached dies on the metal flow lines and the forming loads.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.151-156
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• 2002

This study was performed to obtain the thermostable $\beta$-glycosidase producing bacteria from hot spring of volcanic area at Atagawa in Japan. KNOUC 202 was selected because it showed thermostable $\beta$-glycosidase activity in sodium phosphate buffer(pH 6.8) at $70^{\circ}C$ for 4h, and it was identified. The strain was aerobic, asporogenic bacilli, immobile, gram negative, catalase positive, oxidase positive, and pigment-producing. Optimum growth was at $70~72^{\circ}C$, pH 7.0~7.2, and it could grow in the presence of 3% NaCl. The main fatty acids in cell were iso-15:0 and iso-l7:0. 16S rRNA sequence of KNOUC 202 showed 99.9% similarity with that of Thermus thermophilus ATCC 27634(HB8). Based on morphological, physiological, biochemical characteristics, cellular fatty acids profile and 16S rRNA sequence analysis, KNOUC 202 was identified as Thermus thermophilus.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.45-52
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• 2002

Water chemistry in the Munkyeong hot-spring expresses high values of EC(1,857 $mutextrm{s}$/cm), $HCO_3$(1,250 mg/l), $SO_4$(147.60 mg/l), Mg(43.05 mg/l), and Ca(279.43 mg/l). The precipitates of small quantity is formed in lower temperature, but much of in case apply heat by boiler. Although mineral that is settled from original ground water is most calcite, aragonite and calcite at the same time crystallized in boiler. The $CO_3$ is present predominantly as $HCO_3^{-}$ and $H_2$$CO_3$, $SO_4$, Mg and Ca are present as free ion. Ca is saturated with respect to carbonate such as aragonite and calcite but slightly undersaturated with respect to anhydrite and gypsum Al is saturated with diaspore and gibbsite. The precitptates are composed of carbonate such as calcite and aragonite and amorphous Fe-hydroxide.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.54-65
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• 2012

1. Objective : The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of TAM (Taraxacum mongolicum) on Th2 cytokine production in MC/9 mast cells. 2. Methods : The effects of TAM was analyzed by ELISA and Real-time PCR in MC/9 mast cells. Levels of IL-5, IL-13 were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays(ELISA). mRNA levels of IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-13 were analyzed with Real-time PCR. 3. Results : 1) TAM inhibited the IL-4 production significantly in comparison to PI-control group at concentration of $50{\mu}g/ml$, $100{\mu}g/ml$, $200{\mu}g/ml$. 2) TAM inhibited the IL-13 production significantly in comparison to PI-control group at concentration of $50{\mu}g/ml$, $100{\mu}g/ml$, $200{\mu}g/ml$. 3) TAM inhibited the IL-4 mRNA expression significantly in comparison to PI-control group at concentration of $100{\mu}g/ml$. 4) TAM inhibited the IL-5 mRNA expression significantly in comparison to PI-control group at concentration of $50{\mu}g/ml$, $100{\mu}g/ml$. 5) TAM inhibited the IL-6 mRNA expression significantly in comparison to PI-control group at concentration of $100{\mu}g/ml$. 6) TAM inhibited the IL-13 mRNA expression significantly in comparison to PI-control group at concentration of $100{\mu}g/ml$. 4. Conclusions : These results indicate that TAM (Taraxacum mongolicum) has the effect of decreasing the Th2 cytokine production in the MC/9 mast cell.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.241-252
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• 2000

Twenty-two water samples(fifteen groundwater and seven geothermal water samples) were collected to elucidate chemical characteristics of the ground and geothermal waters in the Haeundae hot spring area and its vicinity. Major and honor elements were analyzed for ground and geothermal water samples. The concentrations of $K^+$, Na+$, $Ca^{2+}$, $SO_4^{2-}$, $Cl^-$, ^F^-$ and $SiO_2$ were higher in the geothermal water samples than the groundwater samples except $HCO_3^- and Mg^{2+}$ ions. Based on the contents of Fe, Zn, Cu, Al, Mn and Pb, some of the ground and geothermal water samples are contaminated by anthropogenic sources. The ground waters shown on the Piper diagram belong to $Ca-HCO_3$ type, while the geothermal waters Na-Cl type. The graphs of $Cl^-$ versus $Na^+$, $Ca^{2+}, Mg^{2+}, K^+, SO_4^{2-} and HCO_3^-$ indicate that the groundwater is related partly with mineral-water reaction and partly with anthropogenic contamination, while the geothermal water is related with saline water. On the phase stability diagram, groundwater and thermal water mostly fall in the field of stability of kaolinite. This indicates that the ground and geothermal waters proceed with forming kaolinite. Factor and correlation analyses were carried out to simplify the physicochemical data into grouping some factors and to find interaction between them. Based on the Na-K, Na-K-Ca and Na-K-Ca-Mg geothermometers and silica geothermometers, the geothermal reservoir is estimated to have equilibrium temperature between 125${$\mid$circ}C$ and 160${$\mid$circ}C$.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.495-507
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• 2017

The regional environmental conflicts of 'Mungjangdae Hot Spring Development Project' have still now continued from 1985. As a case study, the limitation of environmental litigation and the feasibility of EIA as Alternative Dispute Resolutions (ADR) for solving the conflict of 'Mungjangdae Hot Spring Development Project' was analysed. In order to mitigate environmental and social conflicts, the scope and time of public participation in EIA process which is democratic procedure based on scientific prediction of environmental impact need to be diversified to the extent 'Aarhus Convention', and the burden of environmental litigation need to be alleviated by the 'EIA consultation' from environmental authorities. In decision-making process related with large scale development plan and project which have enormous impact, the effectiveness of the EIA as ADR can be enhanced by applying citizen involvement in environmental governance and the various aspects of sustainability. The effective utilization of EIA public participation such as public hearing to pursue social equity can be a ESSD scheme for the implementation of SDG at regional dimension in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.139-146
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• 1999

The seasonal changes of the flora at three samples sites such as Sockchong, Wang-gung and Chukrim hot spring by drained thermal waters were investigated from 1997 to 1998. Monthly occurrence of plant species in February and October showed more abundantly control site than that of heavy and/or light polluted sites. This trend demonstrated similarly in terms of seasonal changes of leaf area and plant growths, both fresh and dry weight, too. Cu, Zn, Ni and Pb content including plants from Sockchong hot spring site were increased from April to September at test area than that of control, while that was decreased in October. But Zn and Pb content holding plants from Wang-gung hot spring site represented higher test site than that of control. In short impacts on aquatic plants communities by thermal wastewater of sampled area have happened in the season of low temperature, and their restorations have done in summer season.