• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.934-940
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• 1998

Kochujang, fermented hot pepper soybean paste, was prepared by traditional method, and irradiated with gamma ray of $^{60}Co{\;}up{\;}to{\;}15{\pm}1.5{\;}kGy$ for confirming main factor of kochujang fermentation. Nonirradiated (control) and irradiated samples kochujang were fermented at $25^{\circ}C$ and analyzed biochemical properties including enzyme activities and viable cell count during fermentation for 60 days. The total viable count in irradiated kochujang decreased to $10^4{\;}CFU/g$ which was $10^8{\;}CFU/g$ in the control. Because of a little changing enzyme activities of ${\alpha}{\cdot}{\beta}{\;}amylase$ and acid neutral protease by irradiation at the above level, amino type nitrogen which is the main quality reference of kochujang was comparable to the control. By irradiation, gas production was completely stopped which is one of biggest problems during distribution of kochujang. Total volume of gas produced at $25^{\circ}C$ from the control kochujang was 453 mL/100 g which was composed of over 90% of $CO_2$. The odor of irradiated kochujang was inferior to the control which seemed to be related to reduced microbial populations.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.92-108
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• 2014

"Eumsigbangmun(飮食方文)"is an old culinary archive written in 1880s and has been categorized into 144 parts, 86.5% of the archive deals with food, while the rest deals with clothing and dwelling. The contents of the food section are : recipe, storage, effect and taboo. The recipes are : 7 staple foods, 57 side dishes, 13 rice cakes, 5 Korean cookies and 7 drinks. The spices are : hot chilli pepper paste, soybean sauce and vinegar. The traditional alcoholic drinks are significant to the old culinary archive, but "Eumsigbangmun" has no record of it. Supplying food was a major problem during those times ; therefore, the archive introduces 17 methods of storing and engineering food, such as : storing vegetables and fruits, method of beef jerky, cleansing and storing of fishes. It also cautions about the traits and effects of fishes and meats. "Eumsigbangmun" is mostly similar to "Gyuhabchongseo(閨閤叢書)" and "Jusiksiui(酒食是儀)", however, it deals with / introduces unique foods such as doejomitang and yangjjim.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.1035-1037
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• 2009

In this study we analyzed the dynamic changes in microbiota composition during kochujang fermentation at $30^{\circ}C$. During fermentation, the viable cell counts slowly increased and reached $3.2{\times}10^7$ for aerobic bacteria, $8.3{\times}10^3$ for yeast, and $1.4{\times}10^3$ CFU/mL for fungi after 60 days. Bacilli were found to be the most dominant microorganisms throughout the fermentation process. Using the culture dependent method Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, and Bacillus amyloquefaciens were found to be the main species during the early stages of fermentation; however, Bacillus pumilus and Bacillus stearothermophilus became the most dominant species during the late stage of fermentation. In contrast, when the polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) method was used Bacillus ehimensis was found to be the dominant species during the early stage of fermentation and Bacillus megaterium, B. pumilus, B. subtilis, and B. licheniformis were dominant in the ate stages. These results indicate various other Bacillus species rather than just B. subtilis and B. licheniformis might be involved in the fermentation of kochujang.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.11-19
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• 2005

This study was conducted to provide data on awareness and use of traditional foods, suggesting the desirable ways to succeed and develop traditional foods, and the possible direction of policies and applications for food industry. The study also aimed to figure out awareness of traditional food and dietary life behaviors of married women in order to offer or draw attention to new information for better healthy life styles. Five hundred and ten married women in parts of Seoul and Kyongki area were surveyed to figure out their awareness and use of traditional foods including some of fermented foods, such as Kimchi, Doenjang(soybean paste), and Gochujang(hot pepper paste). The results were summarized as follows. First the overall satisfaction degree with traditional foods reached as high as 74.4%. They preferred traditional foods because they are healthy(38.8%), seasonally celebrated(29.9%), and well known for a variety of fermented foods(28%). Second, Kimchi, Doenjang and Gochujang, home-made or factory manufactured in an old-fashioned way, were preferred. Third, the most frequently cooked traditional foods were Kimchi Chigae and Doenjang Chigae. The most preferred cooking methods using Gochujang were Jorim(stewing) and Bokkeum(roasting). These results showed that Kimchi, Doenjang, and Gochujang were still used in cooking by married women in parts of Seoul and kyongki area, which says those are still the traditional foods most of women think as important and essential. The producers of traditional foods have to consider the safety and improvement of taste and quality of ingredients in addition to the convenience in cooking, More researches should be conducted to enhance these aspects and to develop functional foods to satisfy various needs of consumers and to improve their health.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.784-788
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• 2001

최근 고추섭취량과 위암과의 양의상관도를 보이는 역학조사 결과가 발표되었는데 이런 자료를 신뢰하기 위해서는 향신료로 쓰이는 고추의 섭취량이 정확히 측정되어야 할 것이다. 이에 고추의 매운맛 성분 capsaicin의 인체대사산물을 확인하고 이를 응용하여 생리학적으로 의미있는 섭취량을 측정하려는 취지에서 실험을 계획하였다. 먼저 동물실험에서 관찰된 capsaicin의 대사체들을 소변에서 HPLC로 동시에 검출하는 방법을 고안하고 이들 대사체의 신속한 검색을 위해, 이전부터 사용하던 유기용매 추출을 지양하고 효소 glucuronidase 처리한 소변희석액을 바로 HPLC에 주입하는 방법을 사용하였다. 20대의 젊은 여성 5-6명을 대상으로, 이틀 간의 capsaicin 고갈식이 이후 capsaicin이 포함되지 않은 식사시 capsacin의 제공원으로서 고추장을 섭취하게 하였다. 60g씩 사홀 고추장을 섭취한 실험시 여섯명의 참가자 중 네명에게서 섭취를 시작한지 3일 째 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid가, 한 명에게서 3일 째 capsaicin이 검출되었다. 80g씩 나흘을 섭취한 2차 실험시는 세 명의 피실험자에게서 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid가 나흘째 소변에서 검출되었다. 2차 실험에서 나흘째 검출된 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid의 총량은 실험기간 중 섭취한 capsaicinoids 총량의 85% 이상이었다. 따라서 쥐 등을 이용한 capsaicinoid 대사 실험에서는 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenyl alcohol이 주대사물질이었으나 인체에서는 그와 달리 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid가 주대사산물이라고 여겨진다. 그러나 1, 2차 실험식이를 충실히 따른 두명의 소변에서는 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid를 포함한 어떤 대사체도 찾을 수 없었기 때문에 개인간의 흡수 대사 차이가 크게 기여한다고 추정되며 생리적으로 의미 있는 capsaicin 섭취의 지표 물질은 인체를 대상으로 처음 얻어진 이 결과에 기반으로 한 계속 실험을 통해 선정되리라 기대한다.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 1993

This study was carried on the preferences for food intake pattern of Korean industrial workers. The survey was conducted from Feb 17, to March 31, 1992 by questionnaires which was composed of 21 items. The subjects of this study were composed of 426 clerical workers, and 439 physical workers. The results were obtained as follows. 1. In the educational background, clerical workers was almost of highschool or collage graduates, and physical workers was almost of highschool graduates. Marginal food cost of per person for lunch a day was from 500 Won to 1,000 Won. They replied that amount of staple food and side dishes were appropriate, and the type of preferable foods was Korean style cooked rice. Also it was known that physical workers thought their nutritive condition more badly than that of clerical workers. So the physical workers considered their health very much when they had meal. It was represented that unbalanced diet, without diet and drinking alcohol effected badly to food intake and taste of food was the most important point in food intake. 2. Preferences for staple foods; Cooked rice was preferred the most by the subjects. Cooked rice with redbean was preferred by clerical workers and cooked rice with soybean was preferred by physical workers and cooked rice with soybean was preferred by physical workers. Also clerical and physical workers liked Kalkooksoo (hot noodle), Nangmyun (cold noodle), bread, vegetable bread and disliked Sphagetti, Ramyun (Instant noodle) in same rate. In the next, cooked rice covered with raw fish pieces (Sushi) was preferred by clerical workers and Mandu-kook was preferred by physical workers. Also they disliked Curriedrice and Hashrice in same pattern. 3. Preference for side-dishes; The Acceptances for side-dishes were high soybean paste soup (clerical workers:43.7%, physical workers:34.4%), Kim chi stew, fried potatoes, crab steaming (37.8%, 36.9%), broiled fish (34.6%, 33.9%), fried green pepper, Ham, Chinese cabbage Kim chi, and pickled garlic by clerical and physical workers all together. But in clerical workers, Wooghugi beef-rib tang, Deodeok muchim, spinach namul, beef jangjeorim, fried shrimp were shown to have high preference in physical workers, beef-rib tang, wild onion and shepherd's purses muchim, soybean sprout, fish jeorim, fried sweet potatoes were high preference. 4. Preference of Snacks; The preferences for snacks were high in strawberry (clerical:36.3%, physical:34.3%), milk (49.9%, 44.4%), waxy rice Doek (30.7%, 30.2%), coffee (40.1%, 38.9%) by two groups in same order.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.373-382
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• 1984

우리나라연안에서 많이 어획되는 고등어를 원료로 상온유통가능하며 즉석식품으로 이용할 수 있는 레토르트파우치 튀김어묵을 제조하기 위한 가공조건 및 저장중의 품질안정성에 대하여 검토하였다. 가공조건은 고등어냉동고기풀에 대하여 옥수수전분 $10\%$, 분리대두단백질 $1\%$, 식염 $1.5\%$, 글루탐산나트륨 $0.6\%$, 그리고 항산화제로서 냉동고기풀의 $0.3\%$에 해당하는 고추가루의 에틸알코올추출물이나 sodium erythorbate를 $0.1\%$의 비율로 첨가하고 물을 $10\%$첨가하여 튀김어묵을 제조한 후 polyester/polyvinylidene chloride/미연신 polypropylene ($12{\mu}m/15{\mu}/50{\mu}m,\;14{\times}19cm$) 적층필름주머니에 충전하여 진공포장한 후 $F_0$값이 6.2가 되도록 열수순환식레토르트에서 $120^{\circ}C$, 20분간 살균하는 것이 가장 좋았다. 이 조건하에서 제조된 제품은 가온 검사결과 미생물의 증식은 없었으며, 제품의 외관도 이상이 없었다. 가열살균적정에서 제품의 경도, toughness 응집력은 약간 감소하였으며, 탄성은 약간 증가하였다. 그리고 색조는 L값(명도)은 약간 감소하였고, a값(적색도) 및 b값(황색도)은 거의 변화가 없었으며, ${\Delta}E$은 약각 증가하여 갈변화하는 경향이 있었다. 저장중 pH, 휘발성염기질소, 수분활성 및 색조는 전제품 모두 거의 변화가 없었으며, sodium erythorbate를 $0.1\%$ 첨가한 제품이 지방의 산패억제효과가 가장 좋았다. 그리고 저장중 제품의 경도는 약간 증가하나 탄성, 응집력은 거의 변화가 없었다. 생균수는 저장 100일동안 모두 음성이었으며, 관능검사 결과 시판튀김어묵과 비교하였을때 맛도 양호하고 100일동안 품질이 안정하게 유지됨을 알 수 있었다.

• 감성과학
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.491-502
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• 2007

범주화는 제품디자인에 있어서 매우 중요하다. 범주화의 유형에 따라 소비자의 감성이 다르고 감성의 차이에 따라 디자인 컨셉이 다르며 이에 따라 디자인요소가 다르게 배합되어야 하기 때문이다. 특히 요즘처럼 제품라인이 확대되어 제품의 차별화가 모호한 경우에는 범주화과정이 필요하다. 즉 감성의 유사성 정도를 바탕으로 정확한 범주를 정하고 컨셉화하여 소비자 지향적인 디자인을 제공해야 하는 것이다. 본 연구는 특정의 제품범주(장류) 안에 유사한 하위범주(고추장, 된장, 청국장, 쌈장, 간장)를 구성하고 있는 각 제품에 대한 소비자의 감성이미지를 추출하고 그 유사성정도를 바탕으로 범주를 결정하여 디자인방향을 어떻게 결정해야 할지를 제시하는 데 목적이 있다. 본 연구를 통해 살펴본 결과, 장류는 선호하는 이미지로부터 차별화되어있지 않다는 것을 알 수 있다. 장류에 대한 감성 이미지 조사에서, "웰빙의", "감칠맛나는"의 감성 이미지는 선호에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 반면, "지저분한", "냄새나는"의 감성 이미지는 선호에 부정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 우리는 장류제품을 개발할 때 "감칠맛 나는"과 같은 긍정적인 감성이미지는 부각시키고, "지저분한" 이미지와 같은 부정적인 감성이미지를 제거할 수 있는 디자인 및 마케팅 전략을 제안한다. 본 연구는 학문적 측면과 실무적 측면에서 제품디자인에 대한 다양한 통찰력을 제공할 것이다.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.661-670
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• 2007

To investigate the market potential for developing Gochujang(a traditional Korean hot pepper soybean paste) products in the UK including the European market, a qualitative consumer study utilizing focus groups was conducted on the $23rd{\sim}25^{th}$ of May, 2005. The focus group approach utilizes small groups of consumers and is very effective in determining the ways in which a product can be used, by examining consumer perceptions on the overall sensory properties of a product as well as variations in taste, flavour, and texture. A series of six consumer group studies were carried out in three different locations around the UK. Each group involved approximately eight respondents(a total of 48 respondents) and ran for at least 90 minutes. The respondents were recruited by specific criteria to achieve a cross-section of ages and genders. All respondents purchased, prepared, and ate home-cooked Oriental/Far Eastern cuisine. Consumer reactions to Gochujang in its traditional form, and in manufactured products, were explored in terms of appearance, texture, flavour, and taste the consumers' perceived uses and applications for products were also examined. Many consumers were familiar with ethnic cuisines such as Chinese, Thai, Japanese, Indian, and Tex/Mex, already preparing these foods using various convenience products at home at least twice a week. However, Korean cuisine was not mentioned by any of the respondents. The Gochujang sauce presented during the interview had broad based appeal mainly as a dipping sauce, and to a lesser degree as a marinade. Traditional Gochujang has the potential to inspire consumers who are looking for novel and authentic world cuisine products. From the sensory evaluations of various prototypes developed according to consumer reactions during the focus group interviews, three prototypes(a sauce for chicken, dipping sauce type, and BBQ sauce type) were determined for further consumer preference studies.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.913-918
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• 1997

전통식 고추장의 품질 개선과 담금방법을 표준화하기 위하여 담금원료를 달리한 고추장을 90일간 숙성시키면서 맛성분의 변화를 조사하였다. 고추장의 유리당은 maltose와 glucose가 대부분이었고 엿기름 첨가구에서 많았다. 유기산은 succinic acid와 citric acid가 다량 함유되었고 다음으로 formic acid이었으며, succinic acid는 숙성 중 감소하였으나 citric acid는 증가하였고, 자색고구마와 구기자 첨가 고추장에서 많았다. 고추장 중의 유리아미노산은 glutamic acid, serine, aspartic acid, alanine, lysine이 다량 함유되었고 cysteine, methionine, histidine은 소량 함유되었다. 숙성중 유리아미노산은 증가하였고 glutamic acid, aspartic acid, histidine이 다른 아미노산에 비하여 숙성중 많이 증가하였으며 자색고구마 첨가 고추장에서 높았다. 핵산성분은 담금초 cytidine-5-monophosphate가 대부분을 차지하나 90일 숙성후에는 hypoxanthine이 대부분을 차지하였고 자색고구마와 구기자 첨가 고추장에서 많았다.