• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.278-286
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• 1995

쌀바구미에 적응된 기생봉 Anisopteromalus calandrae를 대체기주인 팥바구미에서 누대 사육하면서 기생천적의 대체기주에 대한 적응과 그의 과정을 조사하였다. A. calandrae기 대체기주에 적응, 안정된 생활사 특성을 보이기까지 2세대가 경과하였다. 성충수명은 단축되어 1세대에서 8.7일을 보였으나 2세대 이후에는 5.7~7.3일의 범위를 나타내었으며 총 산란수는 1세대에서 29.3$\pm$7.7에서 2세대 이후 43.9~68.2의 범위로 증가하였다. 따라서 내적 자연 증가율, 순증가율은 증가하였으며, 개체군 배가 기간은 짧아졌다. 팥바구미에 대한 탐색효율은 적응 전후에 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았으나 탐색효율의 변이계수가 감소하는 현상을 보여 탐색행동이 안정됨을 암시하였다. A. calandrae는 팥바구미에 적응된 이후에도 쌀바구미에 대한 탐색효율이 감소되지는 않았다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제29권9호
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• pp.986-995
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• 2019

장내 미생물은 숙주의 건강을 유지하는 데 중요한 역할을 하며, 식단에 의하여직접적으로 영향을 받아 조절된다. 김치는 식이 섬유와 젖산균(LAB)이 풍부한 발효 식품이다. 발효 김치가 장내 미생물의 구성에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 6주령의 수컷 Sprague-Dawley 흰쥐 45마리를 대상으로 기본 사료(CON), 발효 김치(FK)와 키토산 첨가 발효 김치(CFK)를 각각 4주간 급여 하였다. 체중과 사료 섭취량을 매주 측정하였으며, 미생물 분석은 장내용물 수집 후 pyrosequencing을 통하여 16S rRNA 유전자 분석으로 확인 하였다. FK 및 CFK군은 대조군에 비해 체중, 사료 효율 및 혈중 triglyceride 농도가 감소한 것으로 나타났다. 장내 미생물의 다양성은 대조군에 비해 FK와 CFK군 모두에서 증가하였다. 비만과 관련된 Firmicutes 미생물이 감소한 반면, 체중 감소와 관련된 Bacteroidetes 미생물이 증가하였다. 젖산균과 체중 감소 관련 박테리아 및 butyrate 생산 박테리아는 대조군에 비해 FK 및 CFK군에서 증가하였다. 발효 김치는 비만을 억제하고 장내 유익한 미생물의 성장을 촉진하였다.

• 정보보호학회논문지
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.871-883
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• 2014

최근 경제적 이윤을 목적으로 한 해킹조직들이 국가 주요 웹사이트 및 포털사이트, 금융 관련 웹사이트 등을 해킹하여 국가적 혼란을 야기 시키거나 해킹한 웹사이트에 악성코드를 설치함으로서 해당 웹사이트를 접속하는 행위만으로도 악성코드에 감염되는 이른바 'Drive by Download' 공격이 빈번하게 발생하고 있는 실정이다. 이러한 웹사이트를 공격목표로 하는 사이버 위협에 대한 대응방안으로 웹사이트 위 변조 탐지 시스템이 주목을 받고 있으며, 국내에서는 국가사이버안전센터(NCSC)를 중심으로 분야별 사이버 보안을 담당하는 부문 보안관제센터에서 해당 시스템을 구축 운영하고 있다. 그러나 기존 위 변조 탐지기술의 대부분은 위 변조 탐지 시간이 오래 걸리고 오탐율 또한 높기 때문에, 신속성 및 정확성이 중요한 보안관제 분야에서는 직접적 활용이 어렵다는 문제점을 안고 있다. 따라서 본 논문은 웹사이트 위 변조 탐지시스템의 오탐률을 최소화하고 실시간 보안관제에 활용하기 위해 이미지 및 코드 분석기반의 웹사이트 위 변조 탐지 시스템을 제안한다. 제안 시스템은 웹크롤러에 의해 비교검증의 대상이 되는 정보만을 수집하고 정규화를 통해 위 변조 판별에 영향을 미치는 이미지 및 코드를 추출하여 유사도를 분석하고 이를 시각화함으로서 보안관제요원의 직관적인 탐지 및 웹사이트 위 변조에 대한 신속성 및 정확성을 향상하는데 목적을 둔다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.2647-2650
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• 2014

Background: Colorectal cancers(CRC) are the third most common cancer in the western world, with surgery preferred for management of non-metastatic disease and post surgical treatment usually arranged according to the TNM staging system. However, there is still prognostic variation between patients who have the same stage. It is increasingly recognized that variations within disease course and clinical outcome in colorectal cancer patients are influenced by not only oncological characteristics of the tumor itself but also host response factors. Recent studies have shown correlation between the inflammatory response and clinical outcomes in various cancers. The neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) has been described as a marker for immune response to various stimuli including cancer. Material-Methods: Two hundred eighty-one CRC patients were included in our retrospective analysis, separated into two groups according to a cut-off value for the NLR. Patient data including age, gender, vertical penetration, anatomic location, and differentiation of the tumor, TNM stage, survival rate, and disease-free survival were analyzed for correlations with the NLR. Results: Using ROC curve analysis, we determined a cut-off value of 2.2 for NLR to be best to discriminate between patient survival in the whole group. In univariate analysis, high pretreatment NLR (p=0.001, 95%CI 1.483-4.846), pathologic nodal stage (p<0.001, 95%CI 1.082-3.289) and advanced pathologic TNM stage (p<0.001, 95%CI 1.462-4.213) were predictive of shorter survival. In multivariate analysis, advanced pathologic TNM stage (p=0.001, 95%CI 1.303-26.542) and high pretreatment NLR (p=0.005, 95%CI 1.713-6.378) remained independently associated with poor survival. Conclusions: High pre-treatment NLR is a significant independent predictor of shorter survival in patients with colorectal cancer. This parameter is a simple, easily accessible laboratory value for identifying patients with poorer prognosis.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제62권3호
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• pp.385-395
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• 2020

Polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly[I:C]) can stimulate Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) signaling pathways. In this study, DF-1 cells were treated with poly(I:C) at various concentrations and time points to examine the comparative expression patterns of innate immune response genes. The viability of DF-1 cells decreased from 77.41% to 38.68% when cells were treated different dose of poly(I:C) from 0.1 ㎍/mL to 100 ㎍/mL for 24 h respectively. The expressions of TLR3, TLR4, TLR7, TLR15, TLR21, IL1B, and IL10 were increased in dose- and time-dependent manners by poly(I:C) treatment. On the contrary, the expression patterns of interferon regulatory factors 7 (IRF7), Jun proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit (JUN), Nuclear Factor Kappa B Subunit 1 (NF-κB1), and IL8L2 were varied; IRF7 and IL8L2 were increasingly expressed whereas the expressions of JUN and NF-κB1 were decreased in a dose-dependent manner after they were early induced. In time-dependent analysis, IRF7 expression was significantly upregulated from 3 h to 24 h, whereas JUN and NF-κB1 expressions settled down from 6 h to 24 h after poly(I:C) treatment although they were induced at early time from 1 h to 3 h. Poly(I:C) treatment rapidly increased the expression of IL8L2 from 3 h to 6 h with a plateau at 6 h and then the expression of IL8L2 was dramatically decreased until 24 h after poly(I:C) treatment although the expression level was still higher than the non-treated control. These results may provide the basis for understanding host response to viral infection and its mimicry system in chickens.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.55.1-55.12
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• 2023

Background: Peste des petits ruminants (PPR), caused by the PPR virus (PPRV), is an acute and fatal contagious disease that mainly infects goats, sheep, and other artiodactyls. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are considered the primary innate immune cells. Objectives: PBMCs derived from goats were infected with PPRV and analyzed to detect the relationship between PPRV replication and apoptosis or the inflammatory response. Methods: Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to identify PPRV replication and cytokines expression. Flow cytometry was conducted to detect apoptosis and the differentiation of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells after PPRV infection. Results: PPRV stimulated the differentiation of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells. In addition, PPRV induced apoptosis in goat PBMCs. Furthermore, apoptosis and the inflammatory response induced by PPRV could be suppressed by Z-VAD-FMK and Z-YVAD-FMK, respectively. Moreover, the virus titer of PPRV was attenuated by inhibiting caspase-1-dependent apoptosis and inflammation. Conclusions: This study showed that apoptosis and the inflammatory response play an essential role in PPR viral replication in vitro, providing a new mechanism related to the cell host response.

• BMB Reports
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• 제38권6호
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• pp.748-754
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• 2005

Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) causes a bacterial speck disease in tomato and Arabidopsis. In Chinese cabbage, in which host-pathogen interactions are not well understood, Pst does not cause disease but rather elicits a hypersensitive response. Pst induces localized cell death and $H_2O_2$ accumulation, a typical hypersensitive response, in infiltrated cabbage leaves. Pre-inoculation with Pst was found to induce resistance to Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora, a pathogen that causes soft rot disease in Chinese cabbage. An examination of the expression profiles of 12 previously identified Pst-inducible genes revealed that the majority of these genes were activated by salicylic acid or BTH; however, expressions of the genes encoding PR4 and a class IV chitinase were induced by ethephon, an ethylene-releasing compound, but not by salicylic acid, BTH, or methyl jasmonate. This implies that Pst activates both salicylate-dependent and salicylate-independent defense responses in Chinese cabbage.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제17권
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• pp.217-218
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• 2001

In a series of our screening for immunomodulating substances, we isolated prodigiosin from the culture broth qf Serratia marcescens B-1231. This compound inhibited the T cell-mediated immune responses such as concanavalin A-induced proliferation, mixed lymphocyte response, local graft versus host reaction and T-dependent antibody response at nontoxic concentrations. However. prodigiosin did not effect B cell-mediated immune functions such as lipopolysaccharide-induced proliferation and -activated polyclonal antibody production at the same concentrations. Prodigiosin did not cause death in vitro to lymphocytes at effective concentrations (＜100 nM) and also did not show toxicity in vivo to lymphoid organs at effective dos-ages (10 and 30 mg/kg). The pharmacological potencies were comparable to the activities of well-known T-cell specific immunosuppressants such as cyclosporin A. In our continuing study, mechanism of action of PDG is investigated with respect to the effect of PDG on IL-2/IL-2R pathway and transcription factor.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제30권8호
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• pp.1109-1115
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• 2020

The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is spreading globally, and the WHO has declared this outbreak a pandemic. Vaccines are an effective way to prevent the rapid spread of COVID-19. Furthermore, the immune response against SARS-CoV-2 infection needs to be understood for the development of an efficient and safe vaccine. Here, we review the current understanding of vaccine targets and the status of vaccine development for COVID-19. We also describe host immune responses to highly pathogenic human coronaviruses in terms of innate and adaptive immunities.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제29권11호
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• pp.1852-1859
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• 2019

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus, belonging to the genus Alphavirus of the Togaviridae family. It causes multiple symptoms, including headache, fever, severe joint and muscle pain, and arthralgia. Since CHIKV was first isolated in Tanzania in 1952, there have been multiple outbreaks of chikungunya fever. However, its pathogenesis and mechanisms of viral immune evasion have been poorly understood. In addition, the exact roles of individual CHIKV genes on the host innate immune response remain largely unknown. To investigate if CHIKV-encoded genes modulate the type I interferon (IFN) response, each and every CHIKV gene was screened for its effects on the induction of the IFN-β promoter. Here we report that CHIKV nsP2, E2 and E1 strongly suppressed activation of the IFN-β promoter induced by the MDA5/RIG-I receptor signaling pathway, suggesting that nsP2, E2, and E1 are the major antagonists against induction of IFN-β. Delineation of underlying mechanisms of CHIKV-mediated inhibition of the IFN-β pathway may help develop virus-specific therapeutics and vaccines.