• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.7 no.11
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• pp.707-715
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• 2020

Globalization has led to an increase in foreign banks' penetration. It is argued that the presence of foreign banks may affect the banking sector of the host countries in several ways including their competition level. It is mentioned that the presence of the foreign banks could heightened the level of competition in the banking sector. Nonetheless, the impact of the foreign banks on competition could be influenced by the degree of information sharing in the banking industry. This study investigates the role of information sharing in moderating the impact of foreign bank penetration on host banking sector competition in selected developing countries. We employ panel data samples of 54 developing countries during the period from 1998 to 2016. The estimation is carried out using the two-step system of the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) regression technique. This technique is adopted due to its robustness to all forms of endogeneity. The findings of this study show that the presence of information sharing could affect the relationship between foreign banks' penetration and competition. They suggest that improvement in information sharing by a host country may help foreign banks to improve monitoring and reduce the moral hazard and adverse selection problem.

• ALGAE
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.353-361
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• 2005

Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jolis has a systemic infection with the ascomycete Mycophycias ascophylli (Cotton) Kohlmeyer and Volkmann-Kohlmeyer with which it establishese a mutualistic symbiosis. In addition, A. nodosum is the host for the obligate red algal epiphyte, Vertebrata lanosa (L.) Christensen. Using light and electron microscopy we describe morphological and cytochemical changes occurring as a consequence of rhizoid penetration of V. lanosa into cortical host tissue. Rhizoids induce localized cell necrosis based on physical damage during rhizoid penetration. Host cells adjacent to the rhizoid selectively undergo a hypersensitive reaction in which they become darkly pigmented and become foci for hyphal development. Light and electron microscopy show that M. ascophylli forms dense hyphal aggregations on the surface of the V. lanosa rhizoid and extensive endophytic hyphal growths in the rhizoid wall. This is the first morphological evidence of an interaction between M. ascophylli and V. lanosa. We speculate that M. ascophylli may be interacting with V. lanosa to limit tissue damage to their shared host. In addition, the fungus provides a potential pathway for the transfer of materials (e.g., nutrients and photosynthate) between the two phototrophs.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.5_6
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• pp.9-18
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• 1968

Morphological studios on the mouth parts of some aphids belonging to 5 sub-families and on the penetration of stylets into their host plants were carried out in order to find out possible relationship between mouth parts and capability of virus transmission. 1. There were no differences between the aphid species in general morphology of mouth parts. 2. Mouth parts could be observed in detail especially in Toxoptera citricidus and Chaitophorus chinensis. 3. Accessory salivary gland was larger than principal salivary gland in Toxoptera citricidus. 4. In 4 species, e. g. Chaitophorus chinensis, Myzus persicae, Aphis craccivora, Toxoptem citricidus, the stylets were usually inserted in plant tissues intercellularly and reached phloem, however, in Lachnus tropicalis only intracellularly and in Eriosoma clemalis more frequently intracellularly. 5. The stylets tracks of Eriosoma clemalis, Lachnus tropicalis and Myzus persicae were clearly visible but not in Toxoptera citricidus, Chaitophorus chinensis and Aphis craccivora. The tracks were stained with yellowish brown or red brown. 6. Saliva was seceted between the cell walls in most species and some substances in saliva seem to cause loosend cell walls. 7. The penetration of the stylets might cause physiological disturbance to host plants and could make the host plants susceptible to the plant diseases.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.4-11
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• 2009

Anatomical features of both leaves and stems of the four mistletoes in Korea (Viscum album var. coloratum, Korthalsella japonica, Loranthus yadoriki, L. tanaka) and of their secondary haustorial structure within several host plants were investigated. Among the four mistletoes, there were diagnostic characters of the anatomy of leaves and stems which enabled us to distinguish the four taxa. Leaves were observed to have three distinct characters including unifacial or bifacial leaves, the number of vascular bundles in the midveins, and the level of development of sclerenchyma cells. There were four diagnostic characters of stems: overall morphology of stems in transverse view, degree of cuticle development, arrangement of vascular bundles, and features of the sclerenchyma and pith. In order to determine secondary haustorial traits, the research focused on the seven host plants of L. yadoriki and on the five host plants of K. japonica. The following features were found to be important: presence or absence of an aerial runner root, the shape of the haustorial strand and flange, the degree of penetration into host tissues, and their development of shaft in transverse view, the development both of secondary haustorial cells and short tracheid in hyphae. Korthalsella japonica and L. yadorki were clearly distinguished by these characters. The secondary haustorial forms in each host were somewhat different, due to varying degrees of development in the strength of the host plants' wood. However, qualitative characters like the final position of the secondary haustorial penetration into host tissues and the development of short tracheid cells were not only affected by the degree of development of the host plants, but also useful for the systematic study.

• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 2015.11a
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• pp.23-23
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• 2015

Rice blast disease caused by M. oryzae is the most devastating fungal disease in rice. During the infection process, M. oryzae secretes a large number of glycosyl hydrolase (GH) proteins into the apoplast to digest host cell wall and assist fungal ingress into host tissues. In this study, we identified a novel M. oryze arabinofuranosidase B (MoAbfB) which is secreted during fungal infection. Live-cell imaging exhibited that fluorescent labeled MoAbfB was highly accumulated in fungal invasive structures such as appressorium, tips of penetration peg, biotrophic interfacial complex (BIC), as well as invasive hyphal tip. Deletion of MoAbfB mutants extended biotrophic phase followed by enhanced disease severity, whereas, over-expression of OsMoAbfB mutant induced rapid defense responses and enhanced rice resistance to M. oryzae infection. Furthermore, exogenous treatment of MoAbfB protein showed inhibition of fungal infection via priming of defense gene expression. We later found that the extract of MoAbfB degraded rice cell wall fragments could also induce host defense activation, suggesting that not MoAbfB itself but oligosaccharides (OGs) derived from MoAbfB dissolved rice cell wall elicited rice innate immunity.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.11 no.12
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• pp.1039-1044
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• 2005

This paper presents a robotic agent design and application in the ubiquitous intelligent space. We set up an experimental environment with Bluetooth host, Bluetooth client, furniture and home appliance, and robotic agents. First, the agents basically performed patrol guard to detect unexpected penetration, and to keep home safely from gas-leakage, electric leakage, and so on. They were out to patrol fur a robbery while navigating in a living room and a private room. In this task, we used an area-based action making and a hexagon-based Q-learning to control the agents. Second, the agents communicate with Bluetooth host device to access and control a home appliance. The Bluetooth host offers a manual control to person by inquiring a client robot when one would like to check some place especially. In this exercise, we organize asynchronous connection less (ACL) between the host and the client robots and control the robot maneuver by Bluetooth host controller interface (HCI).

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.191-194
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• 1972

There were observed the host-parasite relationship between rice grains and contaminating fungi indicated by the fungal penetration degree in the tested rices. The results were as follows ; 1. The fungal penetration could be observed in the outer layer of the rices but couldn't be seen in the starch portin of the tested rices. 2. The Gram staining method was better than the PAS staining method for the observation of fungi penetration into the rices.

• The Microorganisms and Industry
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.10-24
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• 1999

There were observed the host-parasite relationship between rice grains and contaminating fungi indicated by the fungal penetration degree in the tested rices. The results were as follows ; 1. The fungal penetration could be observed in the outer layer of the rices but couldn't be seen in the starch portin of the tested rices. 2. The Gram staining method was better than the PAS staining method for the observation of fungi penetration into the rices.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.44 no.4 s.141
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• pp.271-276
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• 2005

To investigate feeding behaviour of the greenpeach aphid (Myzus persicae) on several plants, DC electrical penetration graph (EPG) technique was used. We chose 5 plants including pepper, melon, cabbage, radish, and eggplant which were known as major host Plants of this species. This study was focused whether feeding patterns of the aphid were different and which plants would be the most preferable among 5 host plants. The time from initial proboscis contact with a each leaf until the first electrical contact, as a measure of the time taken for the stylet penetration, the time from electrical contact to the first potential drop as a time consumed until intracellular sampling, the number of potential drops per an hour during periods of regular intercellular pathway probing, and the time from electrical contact to tile first phloem specific pattern indicating the time taken to reach and attempt to feed upon the phloem were analysed. As a result, except the number of potential drop, there was no significant differency of feeding patterns among 5 plants. However, the feeding patterns related on host acceptability were observed more frequently from Pepper, radish, and e99r1an1 than melon and cabbage.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.22 no.7
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• pp.889-893
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• 2012

Appressorium is a specialized infection structure of filamentous pathogenic fungi and plays an important role in establishing a pathogenic relationship with the host. The Egh16/Egh16H family members are involved in appressorium formation and pathogenesis in pathogenic filamentous fungi. In this study, a homolog of Egh16H, Magas1, was identified from an entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium acridum. The Magas1 protein shared a number of conserved motifs with other Egh16/Egh16H family members and specifically expressed during the appressorium development period. Magas1-EGFP fusion expression showed that Magas1 protein was not localized inside the cell. Deletion of the Magas1 gene had no impact on vegetative growth, conidiation and appressorium formation, but resulted in a decreased mortality of host insect when topically inoculated. However, the mortality was not significant between the Magas1 deletion mutant and wild-type treatment when the cuticle was bypassed by injecting conidia directly into the hemocoel. Our results suggested that Magas1 may influence virulence by affecting the penetration of the insects' cuticle.