• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.220-226
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• 2017

Dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-Hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) are neurotransmitters and hormones that exist in small amounts but have important role in the body. Serum and 24-hour urine are used as specimens, and are usually examined by HPLC-MS. In this study, we tried to detect DA and 5-HT by competitive ELISA using antigen-antibody (Ab) reaction. After immobilizing $5{\mu}g/mL$ BSA conjugate on a 96-well surface, hormone and primary Ab, which are respectively diluted to different concentrations, were treated. Then, HRP-conjugated secondary Ab and TMB were added to measure absorbance. The regression equation and $R^2$ value were calculated based on absorbance, and sensitivity of Ab to hormone as well as the correlation between hormone concentration and absorbance were determined. In DA ELISA, $R^2$, the correlation between the concentration of hormone and absorbance, was the highest by 0.91 when anti-dopamine Ab was diluted 6,000 times and 7,000 times. In 5-HT ELISA, $R^2$ was bigger than 0.90 in every concentration except 3,000 times and 6,000 times. Both DA and 5-HT were not effectively detected at low concentrations (less than $1.0{\times}10^{-7}M$); and because reference value of serum DA is lower than this, HPLC-MS was required to detect serum DA. However, competitive ELISA may be effective in detecting 24-hour urine DA, serum, and 24-hour 5-HT. Further studies are needed to detect hormones more accurately at lower concentrations.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.155-168
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• 1999

Osteoporosis is one of the most important public health problems facing the aging population. Drug therapy for osteoporosis can be divided operationally into two main categories: drugs that inhibit bone resorption, and thus reduce bone turnover, and those that stimulate bone formation, exerting an anabolic effect. Antiresorptive agents such as estrogens, calcitonin, and bisphosphonates are most effective in the prevention of osteoporosis. Formation-stimulating agents such as sodium fluoride or monofluorophosphate, parathyroid hormone fragments, and anabolic steroids are of potential value in the treatment of established osteoporosis, where bone mass is already low and benefit from antiresorptive drugs is likely to be small Recently, raloxifene, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, has become available in various countries for clinical use in the treatment of involutional osteoporsis. This paper will review the use of these drugs in postmenopausal woman.

• The Korean Journal of Medicine
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• v.99 no.3
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• pp.127-133
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• 2024

Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) is characterized by elevated serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels and normal free thyroxine levels. The Korean Thyroid Association recently issued guidelines for managing SCH. Based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013-2015), a serum TSH level of 6.8 mIU/L is the reference value for SCH. SCH is classified as mild (TSH 6.8-10.0 mIU/L) or severe (TSH > 10.0 mIU/L), and patients are categorized as adult (age < 70 years) or elderly (age ≥ 70 years). Levothyroxine treatment (LT4-Tx) is not recommended for mild or even severe SCH in elderly patients. Immediate LT4-Tx can be given to adults in most cases, but not to women who are pregnant, patients with progressive disease, or patients with underlying coronary artery disease, heart failure, or dyslipidemia.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.37-42
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• 1993

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of growth hormone(GH) on the division and migration of the small intestinal epithelium in mice. Twenty mice(ICR), weighing initially about 10 g, aged 18 days were randomly subdivided in two groups of control and GH-treated group. Control group was sacrificied at 2 hr, 2, 3, 4 and 5 day after intraperitoneal injection of $^3H$-thymidine($^3H$-TdR, $4{\mu}$ Ci/gm of BW/day for 2 days). GH-treated group was injected subcutaneously with somatotropin(10 IU/mouse/day for 4 days) from 2 day ago of first $^3H$-TdR injection and then was sacrificied at 2 hr, 2, 3, 4 and 5 day after intraperitoneal injection of $^3H$-TdR($4{\mu}$ Ci/g of BW/day for 2 days). The small intestines were collected for autoradiogrophy and Hematoxylin counterstain. The location of the labeled epithelial cells(LEC) in villi of the small intestine was invested with light microscope. 1. In the control group, the LEC regions in the small intestine were located at crypts on 1 dsy, at $0%{\sim}15.9{\pm}3.6%$ of villus high value(VHV) on 2 day, at $0%{\sim}49.8{\pm}16.5%$ of VHV on 3 day, at $0%{\sim}95.3{\pm}6.9%$ of VHV on 4 day and $62.9{\pm}16.7{\sim}100%$ of VHV on 5 day, respectively. 2. In the GH-treated group, the LEC regions in the small intestine were located at crypts on 1 day, at $0%{\sim}39.2{\pm}9.5%$ of VHV on 2 day, at $0%{\sim}81.5{\pm}18.2%$ of VHV on 3 day, at $45.2{\pm}11.5%{\sim}100%$ of VHV on 4 day, at 85%~100% of VHV on 5 day, respectively. 3. VHV of tops in the LEC regions appeared to be 23.3% and 31.7% higher on 2 and 3 day, and VHV of the LEC region bases appeared to be 45.2%, 22.1% higher on 4 and 5 day, respectively in the GH-treated group than those observed in the control group. These difference was very highly significant(p<0.01).

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.754-762
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• 2000

Objectives : The surgical results of 80 patients with growth hormone(GH)-producing pituitary adenoma were analyzed retrospectively to evaluate the clinical manifestations and to determine which preoperative factors significantly influenced the surgical outcome. Patients and Methods : The patients consisted of 39 men and 41 women and the age of patients at the time of initial operation ranged from 17 to 67 years(mean age, 40.5 years) Between January 1990 and June 1996, 77 patients underwent transsphenoidal surgery and 3 patients underwent craniotomy for GH-producing pituitary adenoma at our institution. Preoperative administration of octreotide was performed in 18 patients. Surgical control was defined as a postoperative serum basal level of GH less than 5ng/ml. A logistic regression model was used for univariate and multivariate analysis. Probability value of less than 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results : The most common presenting symptom was acromegaly, followed by headache, visual disturbance, and fatigability. Visual symptoms were present in 39% of the patients. Diabetes mellitus was associated in 24 patients and hypertension in 12. Preoperative mean basal level of GH was 93.2ng/ml(range 72-500ng/ml) which was closely related with tumor size(p<0.05). Grade II by Hardy's classification was the most common radiological type. Preoperative octreotide treatment significantly reduced the level of GH(p<0.05), but not enough to induce endocrinological remission. One patient died of cerebral infarction after craniotomy. The most common surgical complication was transient diabetes insipidus. The symptom of the earliest improvement after surgery was paresthesia and tightness of the hand and foot, followed by headache and easy fatigability. The preoperative visual symptom was improved in all patients. The patients who had hypertension or DM experienced alleviated symptoms in 67% and 92%, respectively. The overall rate of endocrinological remission was 44%. By multivariate logistic regression analysis, the size of tumor, extrasellar extension, and extent of removal were significant prognostic factors for endocrinologial remission. Conclusion : Early detection of a small tumor without extrasellar extension followed by a complete resection is highly recommended in order to achieve endocrinological cure of GH-producing pituitary adenomas.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.143-148
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• 2015

Objective: The aim of the current study was to determine the predictive value of anti-$M{\ddot{u}}llerian$ hormone (AMH) levels for pregnancy outcomes in patients over 40 years of age who underwent in vitro fertilization or intracytoplasmic sperm injection-embryo transfer (IVF/ICSI-ET) cycles. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of 188 women aged 40 to 44 years who underwent IVF/ICSI-fresh ET cycles due to unexplained infertility in the fertility center of CHA Gangnam Medical Center. Patients were divided into group A, with AMH levels <1.0 ng/mL (n=97), and group B, with AMH levels ${\geq}1.0ng/mL$ (n=91). We compared the clinical pregnancy rate (CPR) in the two groups and performed logistic regression analysis to identify factors that had a significant effect on the CPR. Results: The CPR was significantly lower in group A than group B (7.2% vs. 24.2%, p<0.001). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, AMH levels were the only factor that had a significant impact on the CPR (odds ratio, 1.510; 95% confidence interval, 1.172-1.947). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for AMH levels as a predictor of the CPR was 0.721. When the cut-off level of AMH was set at 1.90 ng/ mL, the CPR was 6.731-fold higher in the group with AMH levels ${\geq}1.90ng/mL$ than in the group with AMH levels <1.90 ng/mL (p<0.001). Conclusion: Our study showed that AMH levels were predictive of clinical pregnancy in infertility patients over 40 years of age. Further prospective studies should be conducted to validate the predictive capability of AMH levels for the outcome of clinical pregnancy.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.186-189
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• 2010

Purpose: As many patients often showed the value of menopause although they were women of childbearing age, this study looked into their previous history. According to the findings, they were patients with a mastectomy due to breast cancer and were taking breast cancer treatment Tamoxifen (the women hormone inhibitor) after chemotherapy. This study is conducted to examine changes in FSH and E2 concentration of patients breast cancer patients of childbearing age according to Tamoxifen used to prevent recurrence of breast cancer and proliferation of mammary parenchyma. Materials and Methods: This study aims to investigate similarity in patients treated with surgery who were in their childbearing age and in values of FSH and E2 by dividing test results of FSH and E2 requested at the department of nuclear medicine among patients who visited this hospital from Jan. 2009 to Mar. 2010 into women of childbearing age (n=50), menopausal women (n=50), and patients with breast cancer surgery who take Tamoxifen (n=50) and then comparing the test results. Results: The FSH and E2 test results of 50 patients were compared and analyzed as average${\pm}$standard deviation, and the results showed that the figure of women of childbearingage (n=50) was FSH : $7.14{\pm}6.19$, E2 : $138.76{\pm}85.40$, that of menopausal women (n=50) was FSH : $52.12{\pm}24.43$, E2 : $15.06{\pm}4.43$, and that of patients with breast cancer surgery who were in their childbearing age (n=50) was FSH : $44.21{\pm}21.07$, E2 : $13.53{\pm}4.26$. When these different results of FSH and E2 were compared, the value of patients with breast cancer surgery who were in their childbearing age with Tamoxifen was somewhat similar to that of menopausal women. Conclusion: The test results of FSH and E2 have reportedly found the test values of patients with breast cancer surgery could be similar to that of menopausal women eventhough they were in their childbearing age due to the women hormone inhibitor Tamoxifen. Therefore, if a tester conducts this experiment after understanding the clinical meaning, the reliability of the tester reporting test results would be increased.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.541-549
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• 2003

The present study investigated the effects of aging on Leydig cells of Sprague Dawley rats. Rats of 3, 6, 12 and 18 months of age were used. Testes of rat were fixed by whole body perfusion using a fixative containing 2.5% glutaraldehyde in cacodylate buffer, processed and embedded in epon-araldite. Using $1{\mu}m$ sections stained with methylene blue, qualitative and quantitative morphological studies were performed. Testis incubations were used to determine luteinizing hormone (LH; 100 ng/ml) stimulated testosterone secretory capacity per testis in vitro. Testosterone levels in the incubation medium, and testosterone and luteinizing hormone levels in serum of these four groups of rats were determined by radioimmunoassay. Morphological studies revealed that Leydig cells were more abundant in the testis interstitium at 6, 12 and 18 months when compared with 3 months. The volumes of Leydig cells per testis was significantly higher, at 6, 12 and 18 months of age than those at 3 months. The number of Leydig cells per testis was doubled at 6, 12 and 18 months of age compared with 3 months. The average volume of a Leydig cell was not significantly different between 3 and 6 months of age, however, at 12 and 18 months a significantly lower value was observed. LH-stimulated testosterone production per testis in vitro was reduced by 45% at 6 months of age compared with 3 months; a further significant reduction was observed at 12 and 18 months. Serum testosterone and LH levels were not significantly different between 3 and 6 months of age but at 12 and 18 months a significantly lower value was observed in both groups for these hormones. These results showed that signs of aging are apparent in Leydig cells of Sprague Dawley rats at 12 months of age.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.11
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• pp.1653-1658
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• 2002

The objectives of this study were to examine calpain activity and meat tenderness by three different feeding patterns in Korean native cattle (KNC). Total forty-five animals were assigned each fifteen in long term restriction feeding (LTFR), long-term restriction feeding and hormone treatment (LTFR-tH), and short term non-restriction feeding (STFNR), respectively. Concentrate was restricted based on body weight in exp 1 and 2. However, it was fed ad libitum in exp. 3. Hormonal implantation was made with $M-PO^{TM}$ for bulls and with $F-TO^{TM}$ for heifers at 18, 20, 22 months of age in exp. 2. Animals were purchased (3-5 month old) from local cattle market and managed in two local farms and university research unit at three different years. Animals were slaughtered at 24 months for long-term trial and at 18 month for short term-trial. Loin and tender loin muscle was used for calpain activity and meat quality. Calpain proteolytic system was not changed by treatment. However, calpastatin activity was low in short-term trial. The calpain and calpastatin activity is reciprocal relationship, therefore, the high calpain activity may effect on quality grade. The shear force value was decreased as the processing of aging after postmortem. On the other hand, the cooking loss was significantly higher in short-term than in long-term trial, and then gradually decreased by the aging. Hormone implants to increase meat yield influenced to calpastatin activity more powerfully than calpain activity to meat tenderness. In meat color-a*, there was not significant difference in loin. Meat color-b* was decreased as postmortem aging time increased in tenderloin. Western blots were done to learn whether these proteins are degraded during postmortem storage and whether this degradation temporally parallels the decrease of shear force value. Vinculin was detected at 0 day and 1 day and degraded after 3 day. In conclusion, Calpain activity was affected slightly on meat tenderness. But meat tenderness was influenced by calpastatin, more effectively.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.12
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• pp.4959-4964
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• 2015

Background: To assess the immunohistochemical expression of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PgR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) neu receptor in breast cancer and their associations with various clinicopathological characteristics. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective analysis of women who presented with primary, unilateral breast cancer in the Department of Medical Oncology at Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Centre, Delhi, India during the period from January 2008 to December 2011. Data were retrieved from the medical records of the hospital including both early and locally advanced cancer cases. ER, PgR and HER2neu expression in these patients was assessed and triple negative patients were identified. Associations of triple negative and non-triple negative groups with clinicopathological characteristics were also evaluated. Results: A total of 1,284 women (mean age 52.1 years, 41.9% premenopausal) were included in the analysis. Hormone receptor positivity (ER and/or PgR) was seen in 63.4% patients, while 23.8% of tumors were triple negative. Only 23.0% were HER2 positive. Around 10.0% of tumors were both ER and HER2 positive. ER and PgR positivity was significantly associated with negative HER2 status (p-value <0.0001). Younger age, premenopausal status, higher tumor grade, lymph node negativity, advanced cancer stage, and type of tumor were strongly associated with triple negativity. Significantly, a smaller proportion of women had ductal carcinoma in situ in the triple negative group compared with the non-triple negative group (35.6% versus 60.8%, p-value<0.01). Conclusions: The present analysis is one of the largest studies from India. The majority of the Indian breast cancer patients seen in our hospital present with ER and PgR positive tumors. The triple negative patients tended to be younger, premenopausal, and were associated with higher tumor grades, negative lymph nodes status and lower frequency of ductal carcinoma in situ.