• Molecules and Cells
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.311-319
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• 2018

The gaseous hormone ethylene influences many aspects of plant growth, development, and responses to a variety of stresses. The biosynthesis of ethylene is tightly regulated by various internal and external stimuli, and the primary target of the regulation is the enzyme 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase (ACS), which catalyzes the rate-limiting step of ethylene biosynthesis. We have previously demonstrated that the regulation of ethylene biosynthesis is a common feature of most of the phytohormones in etiolated Arabidopsis seedlings via the modulation of the protein stability of ACS. Here, we show that various phytohormones also regulate ethylene biosynthesis from etiolated rice seedlings in a similar manner to those in Arabidopsis. Cytokinin, brassinosteroids, and gibberellic acid increase ethylene biosynthesis without changing the transcript levels of neither OsACS nor ACC oxidases (OsACO), a family of enzymes catalyzing the final step of the ethylene biosynthetic pathway. Likewise, salicylic acid and abscisic acid do not alter the gene expression of OsACS, but both hormones downregulate the transcript levels of a subset of ACO genes, resulting in a decrease in ethylene biosynthesis. In addition, we show that the treatment of the phytohormones results in distinct etiolated seedling phenotypes, some of which resemble ethylene-responsive phenotypes, while others display ethylene-independent morphologies, indicating a complicated hormone crosstalk in rice. Together, our study brings a new insight into crosstalk between ethylene biosynthesis and other phytohormones, and provides evidence that rice ethylene biosynthesis could be regulated by the post-transcriptional regulation of ACS proteins.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제61권1호
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• pp.15-28
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• 2022

신경펩타이드(Neuropeptide)는 신경세포에서 분비되는 단백질성 물질로, 곤충 호르몬에서 가장 큰 그룹으로 차지한다. 이들은 곤충의 전 생육단계에 걸쳐 지방체의 항상성, 섭식, 소화, 배설, 순환, 번식, 탈피/변태 등 다양한 생리적 기능과 행동을 조절하는데 관여하고 있다. 신경호르몬 일종인 PRXamide (NH₂) 펩타이드 계열 호르몬은 카르복실기 끝에 PRX (X, 다양한 아미노산)라는 공통의 아미노산 서열이 특징적으로 존재하고 있으며, 곤충 전반에 걸쳐 발견된다. 곤충에서PRX 신경호르몬은 다양한 생물학적 기능에 관련하고 있는데 호르몬구조와 기능에 따라 크게 3가지로 분류한다. Pyrokinin (PK)계열의 호르몬은 페로몬 생합성 활성화 신경펩타이드(pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide, PBAN) 및 휴면 호르몬(diapause hormone, DH)이 속하며, 카파(CAPA) 펩타이드 호르몬, 그리고 탈피촉진 호르몬(ecdysis trigging hormone, ETH)이 여기에 속한다. PK 계열의 PBAN 호르몬은 지금으로부터 약 30년전 나방에서 처음 밝혀졌으며, 성페로몬 생합성을 자극하는 신경호르몬으로 확인되었다. 그 이후, PBAN의 연구는 절지동물 전반에 걸쳐 다양한 연구자들에 의하여 광범위하게 이루어졌다. 본 종설은 PBAN의 유전자 구조와 발현, PBAN에 의한 세포신호 전달과 성페로몬 생합성에 관련된 생리적 기작, 그리고 신경호르몬과 PBAN을 이용한 새로운 해충 방제법 개발의 가능성과 예를 소개한다.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.6-13
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• 2000

Melanin is specifically produced in melanocytes. The pathway for melanin biosynthesis is mainly controlled by tyrosinase. To estimate the inhibitory effect of melanin biosynthesis from 31 medicinal plants extracts, we tested the inhibitory effects of the tyrosinase promoter on B16 mouse melanoma cells. The result of this study demonstrated that Mori Radicis Cortex and Castena Fractus extracts only in tested medicinal plant extracts have high inhibitory effects on tyrosinase promoters with very low cytotoxicity on B16 mouse melanoma cells. Therefore, extracts of Mori Radicis Cortex and Castena Fractus were evaluated as very effective negative regulators of tyrosinase gene expression.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.99-105
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• 2024

Land plants produce glucose (C₆H₁₂O₂) through photosynthesis by utilizing carbon dioxide (CO₂), water (H₂O), and light energy. Glucose can be stored in various polysaccharide forms for later use (e.g., sucrose in fruit, amylose in plastids), used to create cellulose, the primary structural component of cell walls, and immediately metabolized to generate cellular energy, adenosine triphosphate, through a series of respiratory pathways including glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Additionally, plants must metabolize glucose into amino acids, nucleotides, and various plant hormones, which are crucial for regulating many aspects of plant physiology. This review will summarize the biosynthesis of different plant hormones, such as auxin, salicylic acid, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, and abscisic acid, in relation to glucose metabolism.

• BMB Reports
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.72-75
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• 1999

In an effort to understand the function of the eryBVII gene in the erythromycin biosynthetic gene cluster, we overexpressed the eryBVII gene in E. coli and TDP-6-deoxy-L-threo-D-glycero-4-hexulose was used as a substrate of the overexpressed EryBVII enzyme. The enzymatic reaction product was chemically modified by reduction and peracetylation. Structural analysis of the derivatized enzymatic products by GC-Mass Spectrophotometry indicated that TDP-6-deoxy-L-threo-D-glycero-4-hexulose could be converted into its epimer by EryBVII enzyme. Based on this result, TDP-6-deoxy-L-threo-D-glycero-4-hexulose was indeed the substrate of EryBVII enzyme and the function of the eryBVII gene was confirmed.

• 한국육종학회지
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.1-13
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• 2011

Low temperature stress is one of the major negative factors affecting vegetative and reproductive growth of rice. To better understand responses of rice plants to low temperature we analyzed transcriptome expression patterns in glumous flower of cold-tolerant japonica rice variety, Stejaree45, and cold-susceptible variety, HR19621-AC6 at booting stage under cold water irrigation. A total of 2,411 probes were differentially expressed by low temperature in glumous flowers of the two varieties. Some important genes involved in hormone biosynthesis showed variety-specific regulation. Expression of GA20ox3 and GA2ox, among the genes involved in GA biosynthesis, was regulated differentially in the two varieties. Among the genes involved in IAA biosynthesis, YUCCA1 and TAA1:1 showed variety-specific regulation. Among the genes involved in cytokinin biosynthsis and signaling, expression of LOG, HK1 and HK3 was significantly down-regulated only in the cold-susceptible variety. Among the genes involved in ABA biosynthesis, NSY and AAO3 were down-regulated only in the cold-tolerant variety. In general, genes involved in GA, IAA and cytokinin biosynthesis responded to cold temperature in such a way that capacity of those bioactive hormones is maintained at relatively higher levels under cold temperature in the cold-tolerant variety, which can help minimize cold stress imposed to developing reproductive organs in the cold-tolerant variety.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.104-113
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• 1988

여러가지 농도의 cholesterol을 함유한 배지에서 배양한 CHO 세포내로 흡입된 cholesterol 양을 조사한 결과 흡입량이 배지의 cholesterol 농도에 비례하였으므로 cholesterol 흡입은 확산에 의한 것으로 생각된다. $^{125}I$으로 표지된 저밀도 지방단백질($^{125}I$-LDL)을 이용하여 여러가지 농도의 cholesterol을 함유한 배지에서 배양한 CHO 세포와 cholesterol이 없는 정상배지에서 배양한 CHO 세포에서의 LDL 수용체의 합성양상을 조사한 결과 배지에 가해준 cholesterol이 LDL 수용체 합성을 억제함을 확인하였다. Cholesterol의 LDL 수용체 생합성 억제작용에 미치는 ginsenoside의 영향을 조사하기 위해 ginsenoside와 cholesterol을 함께 함유한 배지에서 배양한 CHO 세포(시험군)과 cholesterol만을 포함한 배지에서 배양한 CHO 세포(대조군)에서의 LDL 수용체의 활성양상을 분석한 결과 대조군에 비해 시험군에서의 LDL 수용체 활성이 크게 증가하였다. RNA 및 단백질 합성도 시험군이 대조군보다 증가하였음을 관찰하였다. 그러나 이와 같은 실험조건하에서의 대조군과 시험군의 cholesterol농도를 측정한 결과 시험군의 cholesterol 농도가 대조군보다 훨씬 저하되고 있었다. Ginsenoside의 cholesterol농도 저하작용을 관찰하기 위해 CHO세포에서의 cholesterol의 steroid hormone(estradiol, progesterone)으로의 전환에 미치는 ginsenoside의 영향을 조사한 결과 ginsenoside는 cholesterol의 hormone으로의 전환을 촉진하였음이 확인되었다. 위와 같은 실험결과로 볼 때 ginsenoside는 CHO 세포내부에서의 cholesterol의 LDL 수용체 합성억제를 완화시켜 주는 것이라고 생각된다.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제63권1호
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• pp.89-93
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• 2020

In this study, the efficacy of melanoma cell B16F10 was investigated using the Korean native plant Oplismenus undulatifolius (OU). First, the cell viability of the extract was more than 90% when treated with 15 ㎍/mL of phenolics from OU. The results showed that melanin biosynthesis and cellular tyrosinase synthesis were inhibited by treatment with α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-stimulated mouse melanoma cell B16F10 at a concentration of 15 ㎍/mL of phenolics for cell-line efficacy. The expression of tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein (TRP)-1, TRP-2, and microphthalmia transcription factor (MITF) protein was confirmed by western blot to investigate the effect of phenolics from OU on melanin biosynthesis. When treated with phenolics from OU 15 ㎍/mL, tyrosinase, TRP-1, TRP-2, and MITF decreased the protein expression level. In particular, tyrosinase, TRP-1, and MITF inhibited the production amount to a level similar to that of the non-treated normal group, indicating that the effect was excellent. Therefore, phenolics from OU acts as an inhibitor of tyrosinase, TRP-1, TRP-2, and its transcription factor MITF, and participates in melanin biosynthesis mechanism. These results suggested the potential for development as a material.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.649-653
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• 2008

The aqueous extract from Asiasari radix (AEAR) was used to investigate the effect of ${\alpha}$-melanocyte stimulating hormone induced melanogenesis in B16F10 mouse melnoma cells. The treatment with AEAR at the 1.0 and 2.0 mg/ml level significantly inhibited the biosynthesis of melanin without changes of cell growth and morphology compared with untreated control. The AEAR-treated cells at the 2.0 mg/ml level were more efficient than commercial arbutin at 0.1 mg/ml. The tyrosinase activity also significantly decreased in AEAR-treated cells at the 1.0 and 2.0 mg/ml level. The Western analyses confirmed the slightly decreased expression of tyrosinase by AEAR treatment. These results indicate that AEAR may contribute to the inhibition of melanin biosynthesis through regulating tyrosinase activity and expression and serve as a new candidate in the design of new skin-whitening or therapeutic agents.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.194-202
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• 2020

The sweetpotatoes (Ipomoea batatas) generate adventitious roots (ARs) from cut stems that develop into storage roots and make for an important means of propagation. However, few studies have investigated the hormones involved in AR development in sweetpotato. In this study, the expression patterns of hormone-related genes involved in AR formation were identified using the transcriptome data. RNA-seq data from stems grown for 0 and 3 days after cutting were analyzed. In addition, hormone-related genes were identified among differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and filtered genes, and cluster analysis was used to characterize expression patterns by function. Most hormone-related regulated genes expressed 3 days after growing the cut stems were abscisic acid (ABA)-related genes, followed by ethylene- and auxin-related genes. For ABA, the biosynthesis genes (including genes annotated to NINE-CIS-EPOXYCAROTENOID DIOXYGENASE 3 (NCED3)) and signal transduction and perception genes (including genes annotated to PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE 2Cs (PP2Cs)) tended to decrease. Expression patterns of auxin- and ethylene-related genes differed by function. These results suggest that ABA, auxin, and ethylene genes are involved in AR formation and that they may be regulated in a hormone function-dependent manner. These results contribute to the identification of hormone functions during AR formation and may contribute to understanding the mechanism of AR formation in the sweetpotato.