• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.3 no.5
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• pp.532-541
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• 1997

This article derives an analytic solution to determine the optimal size of multiple noncontinuous process and storage units. The total cost to be minimized consists of the setup cost of noncontinuous processing units and the inventory holding cost of feedstock/product storages. A novel approach, which is called PSW(Periodic Square Wave) model, is applied to represent the material flow among non-continuous units and storages. PSW model presumes that the material flow between unit and storage is periodic square wave shaped. The resulting optimal unit size has similar characteristics with the classical economic lot sizing model such as EOQ(Economic Order Quantity) or EPQ(Economic Production Quantity) model in a sense that the unit size is determined as the balance between setup and inventory holding cost. However, the influence of inventory holding cost of PSW model is different from that of EOQ/EPQ model. EOQ/EPQ model includes only the product inventory holding cost but PSW model includes all inventory holding costs around the non-continuous unit with proportional contribution. PSW model is suitable for analyzing interlinked process-storage system. The optimal lot size of PSW model is smaller than that of EOQ/EPQ model. This is quitea remarkable result considering that the EOQ/EPQ model has been is widely used since last half century.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.169-175
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• 2021

The lot sizing problem(LSP) is a hard problem that classified as non-deterministic(NP)-complete because of the polynomial-time optimal solution algorithm is unknown yet. The well-known W-W algorithm can be obtain the solution within polynomial-time, but this algorithm is a very complex, therefore the heuristic approximated S-M algorithm is suggested. This paper suggests O(n) linear-time complexity algorithm that can be find not the approximated but optimal solution. This algorithm determines the lot size Xt∗ in period t to the sum of the demands of interval [t,t+k], the period t+k is determined by the holding cost will not exceed setup cost of t+k period. As a result of various experimental data, this algorithm finds the optimal solution about whole data.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.116-125
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• 2014

In this paper, we investigate an inventory and production system in a three-layer supply chain system involving a single supplier, single manufacturer and multiple retailers. Earlier study in this type of supply chain only consider a single raw material in order to produce single item, but we consider raw materials in order to produce multiple items. It is assumed that the cycle time at each stage is an integer multiple of the adjacent downstream stage. We develop an iterative solution procedure to find the order quantity for the multiple items and raw materials that minimizes the supply chain-wide total cost per unit time of the supplier and manufacturer's raw materials ordering and holding, setup and finished items holding, the retailer's ordering and inventory holding. Numerical examples are presented to show that the proposed heuristic gives good performance.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.25-34
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• 2011

In this paper, we investigate an inventory system where a single manufacturer purchases and processes raw materials in order to deliver finished goods to multiple retailers. Earlier study in this type of supply chain only consider a single raw material in order to produce finished goods, but we consider multi-raw materials in order to produce finished goods. Also, we develop an iterative solution procedure to find the order quantity for the finished goods and raw materials, and the number of shipments between manufacturer and retailers that minimizes the total cost per unit time of the raw materials ordering and holding, manufacture's setup and finished goods holding, the retailer's ordering and inventory holding. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate that jointly considering the total cost results in less total cost than that of considering them separately.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.36-44
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• 2021

The essential oils from the aerial parts (leaves and flowers) of Spiraea hypericifolia L. (Rosaceae), collected in Northern Kazakhstan, were obtained by distillation in two dispersion media (distilled water and 15% NaCl solution). The chemical composition of the essential oils was evaluated by GC-MS for the first time. The yield of the essential oil was 0.04% (in fresh growth conditions) and 0.02% (in dry growth conditions) respectively regardless of which dispersion media (H2O or 15% NaCl solution) was used at the isolation of essential oil. The main compounds were aliphatic hydrocarbons (alkanes) (40.6-53.2%), aldehydes (8.4-17.4%), diterpenoids (9.1-16.7%) and ketones (6.2-8.7%). Content of monoterpenoids was depended on dispersion media (2.2-3.6% where H2O was dispersion media and 8.4-8.5% where 15% NaCl solution was dispersion media). n-Heneicosane (17.4-34.1%) and n-tricosane (14.3-19.5%) were the main constituents of the essential oil of S. hypericifolia. There were many insects from different classes in S. hypericifolia at flowering. Important components such as α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone (0.8-2.8%), benzyl cyanide (0.7-1.1%), β-damascenone (1.2-2.9%), (E,E)-4,8,12-trimethyl-1,3,7,11-tridecatetraene (1.8-2.7%), β-ionone (0.5-1.8%) and others were detected in small amounts.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.312-317
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• 2019

This study was conducted with the purpose of examining the suitability of Euphorbia jolkinii Boiss. as cut flower, so that it may be introduced as a new ornamental crop. For this purpose, effect of various holding solutions on vase solution uptake rate, vase life, and relative fresh weight of cut flowering branches of E. jolkinii was examined. After harvest, cut branches were treated with 10, 50, and $100mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ of 8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate (8-HQS), 0.1 and 0.2 mM of silver thiosulfate (STS), Chrysal, and Floralife. The cut branches of E. jolkinii were placed under the environmental conditions maintained at air temperature of $22.6^{\circ}C$, relative humidity of 45%, and 9/15h photoperiod that was controlled using fluorescent lamps (light intensity of $9.89{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$). A holding solution containing $10mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ 8-HQS was found to be significantly effective for vase solution uptake rate compared to control, $50mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ 8-HQS, and $100mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ 8-HQS treatments. However, no significant difference was found in vase life between the branches treated with $10mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ 8-HQS holding solution and branches of the control group. Increasing holding solution concentrations of STS was found to have negative effect on the vase life of cut E. jolkinii branches. Relative fresh weight of cut E. jolkinii branches were significantly decreased by two commercial holding solutions, Chrysal and Floralife. It is expected that these results would aid further studies on utilization of E. jolkinii as cut flower crop.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.664-669
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• 2019

Yeonpyo-beob is a method of manufacturing pigments using bamboo trunk and glue solution. Glue solutions of concentrations 1, 5, and 10% were employed to manufacture pigments, and the characteristics of pigment manufacturing were analyzed according to these concentrations. The pigment manufacturing process can be divided into holding and drying phases. The holding phase involves the sedimentation of relatively large particles, whereas the drying phase involves the sedimentation of small particles. The layers formed during the drying phase have almost similar forms regardless of the concentration of the glue solution. If the concentration of the glue solution is low in the holding phase, the particles are mixed and the formation of a layer is difficult. In contrast, when the concentration of the glue solution is higher, the layer of the pigment is more distinct. These results confirmed that the differences in viscosity due to the variation in the concentration of the glue solution affect the sedimentation velocity of the pigment particles, thereby affecting the formation of the layer of the pigment and the pigment manufacture. Consequently, applying 10% glue solution to reduce the sediment velocity is deemed suitable for the stratification of the pigment particles and the manufacture of pigments.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.271-281
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• 2011

Purpose: The aim of this study is to investigate the changes in hardness and microstructure of a dental multipurpose alloy after simulated complete firing with controlled cooling rate and holding time by characterizing the changes in hardness and microstructure after simulated firing with various cooling rates and holding times. Methods: Before hardness testing, the specimens were solution treated and then were rapidly quenched into ice brine. The specimens were completely fired in furnace. Hardness measurements were made using a Vickers microhardness tester. The specimens were examined at 15 kV using a field emission scanning electron microscope. Results: The maximum hardness value was obtained at stage 0 after simulated firing with various cooling rates (quick cooling, stage 0, stage 1, stage 2, stage 3). By the repetitive firing, the hardness of the tested alloy decreased gradually. By holding the specimen at $500^{\circ}C$ for 10-20min after simulated firing, the hardness increased apparently. However, to hold the alloy for long periods of time in the relatively high temperature after simulated firing resulted in the formation of thick oxidation layer. The oxide film formed on the surface of the alloy after simulated complete firing with controlled cooling rate, which was mainly composed of O and Zn. Conclusion: It is reasonable to hold the alloy at $500^{\circ}C$ for 10-20min after complete firing in other to improve the final hardness of the alloy.

• FLOWER RESEARCH JOURNAL
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.151-157
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• 2011

This research was aimed to extend the vase life and improve the quality of cut roses 'Marina'. This study investigated the effect of three different angles and sucrose concentration on the vase life and the quality of cut rose flowers. In first experiment, cut roses were placed in three different angles ($0^{\circ}$, $45^{\circ}$ and $90^{\circ}$) in holding solutions containing 0.5, 1 and 2% sucrose (soaking treatment), and examined the number of petals of cut roses. In second experiment, cut roses were placed in three different angles after pre-treated in 0, 1, 2 and 4% sucrose solution for 2 and 20 hours, and examined the flower diameter of cut roses. In third experiment, cut roses were examined the pigmentation, flowing response and chlorophyll contents in cut roses by three different angles after pulsing treatment (pre-treatment) in holding solution containing 2% sucrose for 2 and 20 hours. Results of this study showed that cut roses were influenced by arranging angles and sucrose concentrations. The vase life of cut roses were extended in $45^{\circ}$ and $90^{\circ}$ arranging angle, as compared with the control (distilled water), and the holding solution containing 2% sucrose significantly increased vase life of cut roses(P < 0.05). Flower diameter of cut roses pre-treated in 4% sucrose solution for 2 and 20 hours significantly decreased (P < 0.05). The pigmentation and flowing response in cut roses were beneficial in $45^{\circ}$ arranging angle treated with 2% sucrose solution for 2 and 20 hours. Chlorophyll content in leaves of cut roses was not influenced by arranging angles. The pigmentation and flowing response of $0^{\circ}$ and $45^{\circ}$ arranging angles were better than that of 90 arranging angle. The vase life of cut roses in $45^{\circ}$ arranging angle was more prolonged than that in $90^{\circ}$ arranging angle. In conclusion, the arranging angles seem to be effective in retarding senescence of cut rose flowers.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.758-760
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• 1999

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of pretreatments and holding solutions on quality and vase life of cut 'Saphir' rose (Rosa hybrida L.). Pulsing with aluminum sulfate or NaOCl prolonged vase life held in HQS+sucrose+ethionine. Solution absorption held in distilled water were more increased than held in HQS+sucrose+ethionine. Holding solution with 8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate (HQS)+sucrose+ethionine increased fresh weight compared with distilled water except pulsing with STS+sucrose. Pulsing with aluminium sulfate delayed bent-neck held in HQS+sucrose+ethionine. Flower diameter and dry weight of petal held in HQS+sucrose+ethionine were more increased than held in distilled water except pulsing with STS+sucrose. There were no significance in Hunter color value 'L' and value 'a', but value 'b' was decreased held in distilled water.