• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.301-316
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• 2004

In this study, 2,238 incidents from History of the Three States, Prehistory of the Three States, History of Koryo, True Records of Chosun Dynasty had been analyzed in order to examine the bathing styles of Koreans. The results were as follows. In the period of Three States, baths were taken for the purposes of cleanness, remedy, and beauty culture as well as etiquettes. And spa, rainwater, rivers, streams, and bath tubs were used. In the period of Koryo, it included not only reasons for etiquettes as in the period of the Three States but also reasons for medical care and daily life. In spa, temples, and homes, baths were taken by using perfumes and towels. In Chosun Dynasty, daily baths were for hygiene, health, and bodily charms. Before religious ceremonies, they made sure that they took baths, and spa baths were popular for the medical care. The ways to take baths included the order which area was the first to be washed, time, and areas concretely, and seasons, weather, and conditions of body were considered before taking baths. Moreover, the places included natural places such as streams, reservoirs, rivers, as well as artificial places such as temples, places for envoys, and palaces. Especially, in spa areas, bathing buildings were constructed. Considering all these, baths were taken for the purposes of ceremonies and medical care in the period of the Three States, and daily baths took down their roots in the period of Koryo. In the period of Chosun Dynasty, spa baths for cures, prays and rituals, hygiene and bodily charms were considered as a reason. How to take baths and means were decided carefully. Therefore, the results above demonstrated that baths took down their roots in people's daily life in Korea since the period of Koryo.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.394-400
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to investigate historical background which uses and characteristics of Korean traditional incense and how to use it in clothes. Incense was at first introduced to Korea in the period of King Nulji of Shilla dynasty. First introduction to this nation, incense was already regarded as divine. It was then developed with five main uses, tribute, fragrance, purification, anti bacteria, and cure. Incense used by fragrance and anti-bacteria in clothes. It make emit a fragrance from the clothes or decorate clothes with ornaments. Incense was also to prevent clothes or books from being damaged by insects and maintain them over a long period. It used one of the factor for beauty of costume.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.55-64
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• 2015

This paper aimed to identify architectural historical meaning of the brick-constructed platform of the west hall in Hwangnyoungsa buddhist temple site based on studying published the excavation survey report and comparing with other platforms of Silla remains. Mass and height of the building has a hierarchical structure within a buddhist temple site, this is applicable in Hwangnyongsa. So in case of a rank equal to or lower buildings than the west hall, those of platforms were built of brick-constructed. As stone relics, jidaeseoks are very narrow, I think that wooden pagoda and main hall's platform were built of brick in first construction period. West hall's platform was built at the late 6th~the mid of 7th century, these brick-remains were considered as a quite earlier construction period relics. Because in west hall there is no jidaeseok under bricks, and all bricks relics have a rectangular shape.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.71-82
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• 1995

This study was carried out to investigate the introduced household machines during the industrial period and the effect of them on housework. This study utilized the methods of historical research. The major findings of this research were as follows; (1) The method and process of housework was altered dramatically by the introduction and spread of household machines during the industrial period. (2) Household machines made housework more easy and timesaving but they had little effect on the houseworker's total burdens because of the rising standares, the addition of new housework and the return of housework to the home which had bean substituted by the market services.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.5-17
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• 2002

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between ideal images of women and women's clothing fashion England between 1820s and 1850s. The age was divided into two periods, which were 1820-1836 and 1837-1850. During the first period, the ideal images of women were those of fairy, spirit, and angels, which were expressed by tight waist belt, wider and shorter skirt, top expanded sleeve, wide and flat pelerine collar, feather decoration, elaborate and curly hair style, narrow and light ballerina shoes etc.. During the second period, the ideal images for women were those of lady with modesty, quietness, and weakness. They were expressed by long and full skirt, tight or bulge over the lower arm sleeve, dropped sleeve, poke bonnet, body wrapping large shawl and sober color etc.. The result shows that the ideal images of women in 19th century England were concretely expressed by various clothing fashion including hair style, shoes, and decoration. This study sheds light on psychological, historical, and theoretical approaches to clothing.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.165-178
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• 2012

This study researches the form of the Korean jacket point through relics from the Three Kingdoms period that have the traditional Korean style and grace of the Goryeo period as well as the form of the modern Korean jacket starting point. Several conclusions can be drawn from the Korean Image of the Korean jacket that can be classified into types expressed in the jacket style of modern fashion. Therefore, we will analyze traditional elements of Korean beauty through the "Korean image" on how to express it in modern fashion. The purpose of this study is to understand modern design creation and Korean culture. It is important to begin the world through the application of traditional elements to recognize Korean beauty as well as to utilize historical dress based on function and popularity to continue the effort.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.8-17
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• 1978

The later part of the Lee-Dynasty was a period that marked an important turning point in the history of the modern communication system in our country. This paper proposes to research the historic process of initiation and development of the modern communication system in that period through the communication administrative organ and the installation of the wire communication lines such as wastward lines, southward lines and northward lines extended from Han Seung (Seoul) as well as the submarine cables from Korea to Japan. The modernization of the communication system in our country had been achieved in the struggle of national uprising spirits of Korean people against the invasive avarices of the neighbouring nations such as Japan and China. The initiation of the modern communication system played a leading role in civilizing our country. Thus the fair spirits of our forerunners who had schemed to develop the independent communication system should be valued enormously.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.125-134
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• 1994

The Purpose of this study is to explore the conceptions of childhood and the practices about childrearing in the period of the Three States. The method used for this study is the historical method and the literatures of analysis are The Chronicles of the Three States and The Heritage of the Three States. According to the results the conceptions of childhood in its boundary were that the point at which childhood in its boundary were that the point at which childhood ended was the age of 15. And the conceptions of childhood in its demension were that the age of 10 was important demension epitemologically and the age of 15 was important in political dimension. Also there were several practices of childrearing in the Three States. First the sweddling clothes were in use. Second a child was carried on adult's back. Third parents paryed for giving birth to their child and had a dream of conception. finally there were th child welfare works. Through this study we can have access to the understanding about cultural transmission process of childrearing in Korea.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.19 no.37
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• pp.31-40
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• 1996

The amount of safety stock is decided from various information such as the forecasted demand, the lead time, the size of the order quantity and the desired service level. There are two cases to consider the problem of setting safety stock when both the demand in a period and the lead time are characterized as random variables: the first case is the parameters of the demand and lead time distributions are known, the second case is they are unknown and must be estimated. The objective of this study is to present the procedure for setting safety stocks in the case the parameters of the demand and lead time distributions are unknown and must be estimated. In this study, a simple exponential smoothing model is used. to generate the estimates of demand in each period and a discrete distribution of the lead time is developed from historical data, and the optimal service level is used which determined to consider both of a backorder and lost sale.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.147-152
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• 2002

Seasonal and interannual variation of volume transport through the La-Perouse Strait were estimated using the difference of sea level observed at Krillion of Sakhalin, Russia, and Wakkanai of Hokkaido, Japan, during the period of 1975-1988. Historical sea level measurements between Russian and Japanese tide gauge data were normalized using an independent direct volume transport measurement. Volume transport from the East Sea (Sea of Japan) to the Sea of Okhotsk varied from -0.01 to 1.18 Sv with an annual mean value of 0.61 Sv. Monthly water transport rates showed a unimodal distribution with its maximum occurring in summer (August) and minimum in winter (December-February). The annual mean volume transport varied from 0.2 to 0.8 Sv during the period of 1975-1988 with the maximum variance of 0.6 Sv.