• Health Policy and Management
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.35-69
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• 1995

The managerial environment of hospitals in Korea characterized by low levels of medical insurance fees is worsening by increasing government regulations as to the utilization of medical services, rising costs of labor, material, and medical equipments, growing patient expectations concerning the quality of services, and escalating competitions among large hospitals in the market. Hospitals should seek for their survival strategies in this harsh environment and they should have information about costs of their products in doing so. However, it has not been available due to the complexity of the production process of hospital services. The objectives of this study were to develop a service-based cost accounting model and to apply the developed model to a study hospital to obtain cost information of hospital services. A model commonly used for the job-order product cost accounting in the manufacturing industry was modified for the use in hospitals in Korea. Actual costs, instead of standard costs, incurred to produce a unit of services during a given period of time were estimated in the model. Data required to implement the model included financial information, statistics for the allocation of supportive cost center costs to final cost centers, statistics for the allocation of final cost center costs to services, and the volume of each services charged to patients during a study period. The model was executed using data of a university teaching hospital located in Seoul for the fiscal year 1992. Data for financial information, allocation statistics fo supportive service costs, and the volume of services, most of them in electronic form, were available to the study. Data for allocation statistics of final cost center costs were collected in the study. There were 15 types of evaluation and management service, 2, 923 types of technical service, and 2, 608 types of drug and material service charged to patients in the study hospital during the fiscal year 1992. Labor costs of each of seven types of pesonnel, material costs of 611 types of drugs and materials, and depreciation costs of 212 types of medical equipments, miscellaneous costs, and indirect costs incurred in producing a unit of each services were estimated. Medical insurance fees for basic services such as evaluation and management of inpatients and outpatients, injection, and filling prescriptions, and for operating procedures were found to be set lower than costs. Infrequent services which use expensive medical equipments showed negative revenuse as well. On the other hand, fees for services not covered by the insurance such as CT, MRI and Sonogram, and for laboratory tests were higher than costs. This study has a significance in making it possible for a hospital to obtain cost information for all types of services which produced income based on all types of expenses incurred during a given period of time. This information can assist the management of a hospital in finding an effective cost reduction strategy, an efficient service-mix strategy under a given fee structure, and an optimum strategy for within-hospital resource allocations.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.253-262
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• 2008

The main objective of this paper is to formulate a generalized procedure to extract the first four moments of univariate spatial association measures for statistical testing under the normality assumption and to evaluate the viability of hypothesis testing based on the normal approximation for each of the spatial association measures. The main results are as follows. First, predicated on the previous works, a generalized procedure under the normality assumption was derived for both global and local measures. When necessary matrices are appropriately defined for each of the measures, the generalized procedure effectively yields not only expectation and variance but skewness and kurtosis. Second, the normal approximation based on the first two moments for the global measures fumed out to be acceptable, while the notion did not appear to hold to the same extent for their local counterparts mainly due to the large magnitude of skewness and kurtosis.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.12
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• pp.59-75
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• 2003

In order for electronic commerce to be successful, it must have a theoretical framework that considers the characteristics of the internet user who are consumers in the cyber space and impacts their purchase intentions. We were able to obtain participation of 350 people from across the country using 316 responses(34 responses removed), we derived statistics by means of SPSS/PC version 10.0 and AMOS 4.0 statistics package. We found that, the higher the degree of skill and the sense of challenge, the level of involvement and perceived service quality increased. And the degree of skill has a negative influence on awareness of perceived risk than the sense of challenge. Perceived service quality, perceived risk and involvement has a influence on purchase intentions.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.93-101
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• 2007

The purpose of the study was to offer basic documents to the textile fashion industry by investigating changes of figures followed by various factors as each other social and cultural environment regardless of the same race. The study conducted a questionnaire survey of Korean women and Korean women in Japan to twenties, forties and sixties. The study enforced measurement from February, 2006 to March, 2006 and from July, 2006 to August, 2006 with R. Martin's Measurement Method of Anthropometry in total 49 measurement items. Also, the study treated statistics of the documents with SPSS WIN 10.0 program. As the result which studied comparison of figures with basic statistics, t-test and more, the study got the following conclusion. Most of Korean women and Korean women residing in Japan have big individual differences in obesity, especially width, thickness, and girth of waist showed the largest variation proving considerable individual difference in waist. In a body measurement comparison, twenties, forties, and sixties of Korean women residing in Japan are higher in heights compare to Korean women, while Korean women have wider and thicker waists than Korean women residing in Japan. In a body difference comparison, categories that showed significant differences are 40's>20's>60's in order and twenties and sixties showed only small difference. In conclusion, Korean women have longer, wider, thicker and smaller waist than Korean woman residing in Japan. When divided by age groups, forties and sixties Korean women are longer in waist, shorter in heights, fatter in weights. Twenties have long waist similar to forties and sixties, but had no significant difference in heights and weights.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.615-620
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• 2008

In engineering experiments, 'Sometimes Pooling Rules' to remove insignificant terms from the model has been implemented to increase the power of detecting the small size of main effects when the preliminary test of higher order interaction effects declare to be insignificant. In this note, we review the sometimes pooling rules in the literature and also study the probability of the length of 95% confidence interval of ${\mu}_1-{\mu}_2$ of the comparison of two independent samples being shorter than that of the paired comparison at the various level of significance ${\alpha}_1$ of the preliminary test and the insufficient number of blocks n in [2,13], given the block effects being pooled to the error term. This study supports that the sometimes pooling results in the power improvement of the main effects.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Esthetic Dentistry
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.54-60
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• 2019

Objective: Dental fear is a feeling of anxiety and fear without intervention during a dental visit, mainly due to past negative dental treatment experiences, and in adults, despite the recognition of the need for dental treatment, it can lead to avoidance of dental treatment, which may cause deterioration of oral health. Therefore, this study was conducted to measure dental fear and anxiety level in some adults, and to identify related factors and their causes. Methods: This study used Kleinknecht's Dental Fear Survey scale and the SPSS 21 program (IBM SPSS Statistics 21) was used for analysis. Result: When the dental fear was the higher, the "access to the dental clinic" was found to be the highest, followed by "sitting in dental unit chair" and "smell of dental clinic" in that order. Conclusions: Dentists and dental hygienists should be able to understand the fear, anxiety, and concerns of the dentist office and to find various ways to provide systematic medical services.

• Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.262-268
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• 2014

Purpose: This study was conducted to identify the differences by the stages of change in exercise behaviors of caregivers based on Transtheoretical Model. Methods: The subjects were consisted of randomly chosen 105 caregivers working in a nursing home. The collected data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, chi-square test, ANOVA and Duncan test using IBM SPSS Statistics 19. Results: The results showed that in the stages of exercise behaviors, there were most participants in contemplation stage with 24.7%, followed by 22.8% in preparation, 21.9% maintenance, 19.0% action and 11.4% pre-contemplation. As for the process of change by the stages of change in exercise behaviors, it showed statistically significant differences in behavioral strategies (F=7.64, p<.001). In decisional balance, pros (F=3.75, p=.007) showed statistical significance, with higher pros in all stages except pre-contemplation. Self-efficacy was also statistically significant (F=6.25, p<.001), especially in the maintenance stage. Conclusion: This study suggested that in order to encourage caregivers to exercise, a strategic intervention to reinforce the process of change, recognition of positive decision-making and promotion of self-efficacy in exercise behaviors should be developed.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.285-298
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• 2012

This research deals with a relationship between the performance of Korean professional baseball players and their annual salaries. It is based on the sabermetrics, which measures the performance of baseball batters in a refined way. We collect the records of batters of eight professional baseball clubs during the season 2009 and 2010. Then, we calculate every index of the sabermetrics. Principal component analysis is used for examining the relationship between those indexes of sabermetrics and annual salary for the next year. In general, batters who show higher performance get more salary. The result of this research can be useful in order to reach an agreement on salary between a player and his club partner.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.15-27
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• 2022

This work comes within the framework of the "Benchmark on the Aerodynamics of a Rectangular Cylinder" that investigates a rectangular cylinder of length-to-depth ratio equal to 5. The present study reports and discusses velocity fields acquired using planar Particle Image Velocitmetry for several angles of attack and Reynolds numbers. In particular, for a cylinder depth-based Reynolds number of 2 × 10⁴ and zero incidence angle, the flow features along the lateral (parallel to the freestream) upper and lower surfaces of the cylinder are reported. Using first and second order statistics of the velocity field, the main flow features are discussed, especially the size and location of the time-averaged flow structures and the distribution of the Reynolds stresses. The variation of the flow features with the incidence is also studied considering angles of attack up to 6°. It is shown that the time-averaged flow is fully detached for incidence higher than 2°. For an angle of attack of 0°, the effects of the Reynolds number varying between 5 × 10³ and 2 × 10⁴ are investigated looking at flow statistics. It is shown that the time-averaged location of the reattachment point and the shape and position of the time-averaged main vortex are mostly constant with the Reynolds number. However, the size of the inner region located below the time-averaged shear layer and just downstream the leading edge corner appears to be strongly dependent on the Reynolds number.

• Journal of Industrial Convergence
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• v.20 no.10
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• pp.79-86
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• 2022

The purpose of this study was to identify suicidal ideation and related factors of elderly people with diabetes mellitus living alone in rural area. A descriptive study design was used. The participants were 466 elderly people, aged 65 years and over, and diagnosed with diabetes mellitus living at O province in South Korea. Collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, χ²-test, and logistic regression analysis with SPSS statistics 26.0 program. The results of the analysis showed that the suicidal ideation rate of the subjects was 27.3%, and the subjects showed significant differences in suicidal ideation as Cognitive function was lower (t=-4.23, p<.001), Depression(t=9.56, p<.001) and Loneliness (t=4.88, p<.001) were higher. Related Factors of suicidal ideation were Cognitive function (OR=0.86, p<.001), Depression (OR=1.18, p<.001) and Loneliness (OR=1.17, p=.001). These variables explained 32.2% of suicidal ideation. Therefore, in order to reduce suicide ideation of the elderly with diabetes mellitus living alone in rural areas, intervention that can improve Cognitive function, Depression, and Loneliness is needed.