• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.21 no.2 s.24
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• pp.217-223
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• 1988

A cross-sectional survey was conducted to determine the prevalence rate of scoliosis in elementary, middle and high school boys in May 1988. The study population included 1,393 male students in Pusan ; 463 students of 4th grade in two elementary schools, 543 students of 1st grade in one middle school and 387 students of 1st grade in one high school. The students of elementary school were screened with inspection by two physicians at the same time and the students of middle and high schools were screened with both inspection by the same physicians and 70mm chest X-ray. Positive students in any one of the two screening tests were measured for height and body weight and asked for the shoulder side on which he carries the school bag. The angle of curvature on X-ray film was measured by Cobb's method. The number of positive students in any one of the two screening tests were 15(3.2%) in elementary schools, 174(32.0%) in middle school and 92(23.8%) in high school. However, positive rates in both tests were only 2.2% for the middle school students and 2.6% for the high school students and among these students 1.1% out of total middle school students and 2.3% of high school students had a curvature equal to or greater than $5^{\circ}$ of Cobb's angle on 70mm chest X-ray film. There was a statistically significant association between the direction of spinal curve and the shoulder side on which one carries school bag among positive students in both screening 1.sts (p<0.05) Mean height and body weight of 281 positive students in any one of two screening tests were compared with the Korean standard for the same age. Mean weight of elementary school students was nearly the same as the standard weight but the height was slightly shorter than the standard. However, both mean height and weight of the middle school students were lower than the standard while those of the high school students were higher. The prevalence rate of scoliosis for the 2nd and 3rd grades of high school is presumed to be higher than that of the 1st grade of high school and the rate for girls will be even higher than the rate for boys of the same age. Thus, scoliosis seems to be an important school health problem. To prevent scoliosis, it is recommeded to reduce the weight of school bag, educate the students to keep a right posture and exercise periodically.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.28
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• pp.18.1-18.8
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• 2013

Objectives As public concern on possible harmful effects of mobile phone in children has been raised, information of epidemiological characteristics of mobile phone use in children and adolescents will be essential for public health policy. Methods Using three databases (n=21,693) collected from 2008 to 2011, we examined characteristics of mobile phone ownership and use, and socioeconomic positions (SEP) in Korean children and adolescents. Results The ownership rate and the amount of mobile phone use were higher in females than males, in higher school grades than lower grades, and at 2011 than 2008. The average age of first mobile phone ownership was shown to decrease from 12.5 years in currently high school students to 8.4 years in currently elementary school students at 2011. More than 90% of children in the 5th grade owned a mobile phone. More children owned a mobile phone in lower SEP communities than in higher SEP. Children with parents educated less than those with parents educated more were more likely to own and use mobile phone. Conclusions Considering the epidemiological characteristics of mobile phone use, precautionary measures to prevent unnecessary exposure to mobile phones are needed in children and adolescents.

• Journal of Gifted/Talented Education
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.771-791
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• 2013

What are the identification criteria elementary school teachers prefer? What are the characteristics of students that teachers consider when nominating them to gifted programs? Will those criteria of identification/nomination differ as to teacher experiences related to gifted education or teacher involvement in the professional development? This study aims to find the answer to these questions. For this purpose, a total of 511 elementary school teachers with a varying degree of experiences with gifted education were recruited from 23 schools in 11 school districts in Seoul. The results show that teachers generally preferred task commitment, creativity, curiosity, and domain specific talents as criteria for identifying gifted students, while perceiving achievement records, total grades, leadership, and general intelligence as less important. Teachers experienced in gifted education or having been involved in professional development perceived curiosity, task commitment, and creativity as more important than teachers without such experiences. The importance-performance analysis of identification criteria indicates that teachers reported high importance on task commitment, curiosity, and creativity, but those factors were less considered in actual nomination. On the contrary, teachers reported low importance on quick learning and achievement(total grades, subject grades), but those were highly considered in nomination. A similar pattern was found in both experienced and nonexperienced teachers although the importance-performance gap was higher for the latter. Implications for teacher nominations and professional development were discussed.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.159-166
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• 2005

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare subjective symptoms of VDT between computer-addicted and non-addicted adolescents. Method: A descriptive survey design was used and 646 students in one middle and two high schools were selected as participants. Result: The VDT subjective symptoms and degree of severity differed according to whether the students were computer-addicted or not, and in all symptoms, general, musculoskeletal, eye and mental, the mean score for subjective symptoms was higher in the addicted group than in the non-addicted group. The score for VDT subjective symptoms was highest in the addicted group for girls and students who were not healthy. The most frequent physical symptom reported by students who visited the school health room for a health problem after using the computer was headache. The most frequent type of treatment at the school health room was treatment of the symptom. Conclusions: This study suggests that students must acquire correct habits in computer use and be careful not to be addicted to the computer in order to avoid VDT syndrome. For this, educational authorities should develop computer-related health education programs and start the programs from the lower grades of elementary school.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Earth Science Education
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.109-117
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of higher grades in elementary the science process skill, academic achievement and teaching learining perception by Digital Text-book in elementary science lesson. To verify research problem, the subject of this study were sixth-grade students selected from two classes of an elementary school located in Ulsan : the experimental group is composed of thirty-one students who were participated in Digital Text-book, and the other is composed of thirty students(comparison group) who were participated in teacher map based learning situation. During eight weeks, Digital Text-book instruction was executed in th experimental group while the teacher map based instruction in controled group Post-test showed following results: First, the experimental group showed a significant improvement in the science process skill compared the comparison group. Second, the experimental group did not showed a significant improvement in the Acdemic Achievement compared th the control group. Third, the experimental group showed a significant improvement in the teaching learning perception compared the comparison group. In conclusion, Digital text-book model was more effective than the teacher map based teaching model on science process skill and teaching-learning perception. However, since the study has a limit on an objet of the study and the applied curriculum, the additional studies need to be conducted with an extended comparative group and curriculum.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.50-57
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• 2006

The aim of this study was to evaluate the food and nutrient intakes in 5th to 8th grade school boys and girls. A total of 1,333 students were recruited from 1 elementary and 1 middle school, both located in Seoul. The data on food and nutrients intake were collected by 3-day food record. The food intake was calculated as the percentage of total energy intake according to 21 food subgroups. The consumption of noodles, and meat's products (including ham and sausage) groups were higher in 7th and 8th grade than 5th and 6th grade. On the other hand consumption of vegetables and milk & its products groups were lower in 7th and 8th grade. As results, calcium, riboflavin, and vitamin C intakes were lower in 7th and 8th grade students. Dietary patterns by cluster analysis resulted in $77\%$ of subjects with traditional pattern based rice and kimchi, and $23\%$ with modified pattern. All students regardless of grades showed high fat intake, above 20 percent energy intake from fat, and high cholesterol intakes. In conclusion, there was significant difference between 5th and 6th grade primary school students and 7th and 8th junior school students regarding food and nutrient intakes; It should be necessary to provide proper nutrient education and monitoring in order to establish good dietary profile.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.83-93
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• 2009

This study was carried out to investigate the physicochemical characteristics, intake rate, and sensory properties of kimchi provided to elementary school foodservice in Seongnam. Average amount of kimchi intake at the elementary school foodservice for lower grade(1~3) students and higher grade(4~6) students was 7.15 g(23.83%) and 11.15 g(37.17%) respectively. The physicochemical properties of kimchi provided to the school foodservice in Seongnam were different between head cabbage kimchi(Pogi kimchi, H product) and head cabbage kimchi for children(C product). The head cabbage kimchi showed the pH 4.31~4.65(average pH 4.45), 6.86~8.38 $^{\circ}Brix$(average sugar content 7.74 $^{\circ}Brix$), and salinity 1.36~2.20%(average 1.73%) whereas the head cabbage kimchi for children indicated the pH 4.23~4.45(average pH 4.32), 7.68~8.48 $^{\circ}Brix$(average sugar content 8.18 $^{\circ}Brix$), and salinity 1.38~1.80%(average 1.65%). The result of the sensory evaluation of head cabbage kimchi and head cabbage kimchi for children indicated that there was significant difference by grades and gender. Higher graders tended to prefer less sweet, less sour and salty kimchi, and girls preferred sweet and sour kimchi more than boys. Therefore, it is required to develop kimchi for children considering sensory characteristics by grades and gender.

• The Mathematical Education
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• v.60 no.3
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• pp.249-264
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• 2021

This article is devoted to investigating young learners' understanding of elapsed time from socio-cultural perspectives. The socio-cultural perspective benefits to access and personalize mathematics learning as how to have a mathematical object to be able to realize signifiers with the help of many other mathematical words and mediators. In terms of the realization of signifiers, I analyzed performances on elapsed time tasks of students in Grades 3 (n=115) and interviewed focal students. Quantitative analysis on students' performance identified that students perform differently when the task provided with the analog clock signifier. It suggested that students might think in a different way upon the given signifier even for the same elapsed time, especially when given as the analog clock. Qualitative analysis on focal students' interviews visualized how the students' understanding were different by displaying individual realization trees on elapsed time. The particular location of the analog clock signifier on each realization tree provided a personalized explanation about low performance on the task with analog clock signifier. The finding suggested that the realization of a specific signifier could be a key point in elapsed time understanding. I discussed why a majority of students face difficulty in elapsed time learning indicated analog clock and the advantage of moving elapsed time strands to higher grades in the school mathematics curriculum.

• Research in Mathematical Education
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.107-114
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• 2004

University teachers of linear algebra often feel annoyed and disarmed when faced with the inability of their students to cope with concepts that they consider to be very simple. Usually, they lay the blame on the impossibility for the students to use geometrical intuition or the lack of practice in basic logic and set theory. J.-L. Dorier [(2002): Teaching Linear Algebra at University. In: T. Li (Ed.), Proceedings of the International Congress of Mathematicians (Beijing: August 20-28, 2002), Vol. III: Invited Lectures (pp. 875-884). Beijing: Higher Education Press] mentioned that the situation could not be improved substantially with the teaching of Cartesian geometry or/and logic and set theory prior to the linear algebra. In East Asian countries, science-orientated mathematics curricula of the high schools consist of calculus with many other materials. To understand differential and integral calculus efficiently or for other reasons, students have to learn a lot of content (and concepts) in linear algebra, such as ordered pairs, n-tuple numbers, planar and spatial coordinates, vectors, polynomials, matrices, etc., from an early age. The content of linear algebra is spread out from grades 7 to 12. When the high school teachers teach the content of linear algebra, however, they do not concern much about the concepts of content. With small effort, teachers can help the students to build concepts of vocabularies and languages of linear algebra.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.73-81
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to collect basic data for the development of effective oral health education program in elementary school. The subjects in this study Were 604 fourth-year, fifth-year and sixth-year students of an elementary school in Seoul, Oral health awareness and behaviors were surveyed and analyzed. The findings of this study were as follows: 1. The most common time for toothbrushing was after dinner(62.0%) and before bedtime(62.3%). By school year, the largest number who brushed their teeth after dinner were fourth and fifth graders while the greatest number who did so after breakfast were sixth graders. Seventy-four percent of respondents brushed the teeth twice or more a day. By school year, the fifth-year students brushed their teeth the least while girls outperformed the boys in daily toothbrushing frequency(p<0.05). Regarding the intake of cariogenic food, 62.1% took that kind of food once or more a day. By school year, the fifth graders took the most (p<0.05), and girls took more cariogenic food than the boys(p<0.05). 2. Ninety percent of the respondents had visited a dental clinic. By grade, the sixth-year students had visited a dental clinic more frequently and girls more frequently than boys. Eighty percent of the respondents visited a dental clinic to receive treatment but just 12.3% visited a dental clinic to prevent oral diseases. Concerning the fear of dental treatment, only 14.4% expressed fear. School year made no difference, yet the percentage of girls who experienced fear was higher than that of boys(p<0.05). Regarding preventive treatment, 39.7% experienced pit and fissure sealing and 24.2% experienced the application of fluorides. All the students hadn't much experience in preventive treatment regardless of school year -- gender didn't make a difference. 3. Fourty-six percent of respondents had a preference for the fluoride mouth rinsing program; 38.4% wanted that program to continue. As to the reason for preference, 38.2% preferred it because of the prevention of dental caries, 43.0%, the largest percentage, didn't favor it because they found it too much trouble to do(some of the respondents gave two different answers). 4. Despite an increase in the frequency of toothbrushing at the right time, they still took cariogenic food frequently. Their visit to a dental clinics also aimed at treatment more than at prevention, and they had very narrow experience of preventive treatment Furthermore, the fluoride mouth rinsing program failed to draw their interest Therefore, it is recommended that a successful oral health education program should be developed.