• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.372-383
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• 1994

Saliva plays an important role in modulating the oral microbial ecology. And it is suggested to influence the initiation and progression of the dental caries. To evaluate the correlations between the salivary antimicrobial agents and the caries susceptibility, the 51 subjects were divided into 3 groups according to caries experience ; caries resistant group, medium caries susceptible group, and high caries susceptible group. Stimulated whole saliva was collected, and the salivary levels were measured for lysozyme, lactoferrin, and secretory-IgA to Streptococcus mutans. The lysozyme level was estimated using Micrococcus diffusion plate, lactoferrin level was determined with a non-competitive avidin-biotin enzyme immunoassay, and the titer of secretory IgA to Streptococcus mutans was assayed with ELISA. The results were as follows: 1. Lysozyme levels of each group showed no significant difference statistically (p>0.05). 2. The caries resistant group and the medium caries susceptible group had significantly higher levels of lactoferrin than the high caries susceptible group (p<0.05). But no clear difference was observed between the caries resistant group and the medium caries susceptible group(p>0.05). 3. The caries resistant group and the medium caries susceptible group showed relatively higher levels of the secretory IgA to Streptococcus mutans than the pigh caries susceptible group, but no significant difference was observed statistically (p>0.05).

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.11 no.12
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• pp.27-35
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• 2010

The structures built under the groundwater level are affected by the buoyancy force, which is hydrostatic pressure in the up direction. Recently, buoyancy-resistant anchor method has been applied in many cases of the construction of the important structure of large size, which is built under the groundwater level so that it takes high uplift pressure. Even if the construction cost of the method is very high, it surely increases the safety rate. However, the diagnosis of the performance of the buoyancy-resistant permanent anchor and the investigation of resistance mechanism are still insufficient. Especially, the long-term behavior of the anchor has not been studied well due to the difficulty in observation procedure. The contribution of this paper is the establishment of reasonable design methodology. We have measured anchor axial forces for 10 years after the construction, by using an automated measurement and a manual measurement by establishing a load cell in anchor head. Through the data collected from the measurements, we analyze the construction-step behavior of the anchor according to the self-weight variation of the building and the long-term behavior (i.e. movement within 10 years after the construction) of the anchor according to the passage of time.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.925-928
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• 2014

Background: Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) is a spectrum of disease with abnormal trophoblastic proliferation. Treatment is based on FIGO stage and WHO risk factor scores. Patients whose score is 12 or more are considered as at extremely high risk with a high likelihood of resistance to first line treatment. Optimal therapy is therefore controversial. Objective: This study was conducted in order to summarize the regimen used for extremely high risk or resistant GTN patients in our institution the in past 10 years. Materials and Methods: All the charts of GTN patients classified as extremely high risk, recurrent or resistant during 1 January 2002 to 31 December 2011 were reviewed. Criteria for diagnosis of GTN were also assessed to confirm the diagnosis. FIGO stage and WHO risk prognostic score were also re-calculated to ensure the accuracy of the information. Patient characteristics were reviewed in the aspects of age, weight, height, BMI, presenting symptoms, metastatic area, lesions, FIGO stage, WHO risk factor score, serum hCG level, treatment regimen, adjuvant treatments, side effects and response to treatment, including disease free survival. Results: Eight patients meeting the criteria of extremely high risk or resistant GTN were included in this review. Mean age was 33.6 years (SD=13.5, range 17-53). Of the total, 3 were stage III (37.5%) and 5 were stage IV (62.5%). Mean duration from previous pregnancies to GTN was 17.6 months (SD 9.9). Mean serum hCG level was 864,589 mIU/ml (SD 98,151). Presenting symptoms of the patients were various such as hemoptysis, abdominal pain, headache, heavy vaginal bleeding and stroke. The most commonly used first line chemotherapeutic regimen in our institution was the VAC regimen which was given to 4 of 8 patients in this study. The most common second line chemotherapy was EMACO. Adjuvant radiation was given to most of the patients who had brain metastasis. Most of the patients have to delay chemotherapy for 1-2 weeks due to grade 2-3 leukopenia and require G-CSF to rescue from neutropenia. Five form 8 patients were still survived. Mean of disease free survival was 20.4 months. Two patients died of the disease, while another one patient died from sepsis of pressure sore wound. None of surviving patients developed recurrence of disease after complete treatment. Conclusions: In extremely high risk GTN patients, main treatment is multi-agent chemotherapy. In our institution, we usually use VAC as a first line treatment of high risk GTN, but since resistance is quite common, this may not suitable for extremely high risk GTN patients. The most commonly used second line multi-agent chemotherapy in our institution is EMA-CO. Adjuvant brain radiation was administered to most of the patients with brain metastasis in our institution. The survival rate is comparable to previous reviews. Our treatment demonstrated differences from other institutions but the survival is comparable. The limitation of this review is the number of cases is small due to rarity of the disease. Further trials or multicenter analyses may be considered.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.47 no.9
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• pp.629-641
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• 2019

In order to limit the temperature rise of the structure to a certain level or less while maintaining the aerodynamic shape of solid rocket nozzle by effectively blocking a large amount of heat introduced by the combustion gas of high temperature and high pressure, the heat-resistant materials such as C/C composite having excellent ablation resistance are applied to a position in contact with the combustion gas, and the heat-insulating materials having a low thermal diffusivity are applied to the backside thereof. SiC/SiC composite, which has excellent oxidation resistance, is applied to gas turbine engines and contributes to increase engine performance due to light weight and heat-resistant improvement. Scramjet, flying at hypersonic speed, has been studying the development of C/SiC structures using the endothermic fuel as a coolant because the intake air temperature is very high. In this paper, characteristics, application examples, and development trends of various heat-resistant composites used in solid rocket nozzles, gas turbine engines, and ramjet/scramjet propulsions were discussed.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.830-840
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• 2017

Excessive body weight gain during the growth period of early life may predispose individuals towards obesity and metabolic disorder in later life. We investigated the possibility of using the food efficiency ratio as an early indicator for predicting susceptibility to diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. Four-week-old, prepubertal, male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into obesity-prone and obesity-resistant groups based on food efficiency ratio values after five days on a high-fat diet. Metabolic parameters measured after 2, 6, and 10 weeks, and specific phenotypes were compared with each group. Obesity-prone rats had higher increases in body weight and fat mass compared to obesity-resistant rats over the study period. Obesity-prone rats became glucose intolerant early in this study and remained so throughout the experimental period, with increases in fat weight and leptin levels occurring first, followed by increases in insulin level. Gluconeogenesis and insulin resistance significantly increased in obesity-prone groups in which activities of glucose-6-phosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase were increased and glucokinase activity decreased. Higher food efficiency ratio at an early age was closely correlated with body fat accumulation, hyperleptinemia, and hyperinsulinemia of middle and elderly age. We suggest a high food efficiency ratio in prepubertal subjects may be a useful predictor of future obesity and insulin resistance.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.11
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• pp.1634-1641
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• 2005

Generally, dietary fibre (DF) includes lignin, non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) and resistant starch (RS). In monogastric species, low levels of dietary fibre in the diet are associated with various diseases and high levels reduce nutrient digestibilities. In this study, the effects of different types and levels of NSP (soluble: $\beta$-glucan, insoluble cellulose) and resistant starch on mucin secretion and endogenous nitrogen and amino acid losses in pigs were investigated. A total of 25 five-week-old weaner pigs (9.5 kg${\pm}$1.5 kg), were randomly allocated to each of five experimental diets. Different levels of purified barley $\beta$-glucan (BG) extract (5 or 10% of $Glucagel^{(R)}$ $\beta$-glucan, providing 4 or 8% of BG in the diet), and resistant starch (RS) (8.3 or 16.6% of Hi-$Maize^{TM}$, providing 5 or 10% RS in the diet) were substituted for wheat starch in a purified diet in which enzymatically-hydrolysed casein was the sole source of protein. The diets were fed for 21 days. No statistically significant difference between treatments (p>0.05) was observed for growth performance and organs weights. No difference in ileal starch digestibility was observed between pigs on the cellulose or $\beta$-glucan diets. However, as the level of resistant starch in the diet increased the ileal starch digestibility decreased (p<0.05). The inclusion of resistant starch in the diet (5 or 10%) did not increase mucin production when compared with the cellulose-only diet. However, as the level of beta-glucan in the diet increased, both crude mucin in the digesta dry matter and per kg dry matter intake increased (p<0.05). Pigs fed the diet containing 8% of beta-glucan had higher endogenous loss flow than those fed the diets including 5 or 10% of resistant starch or 4% of $\beta$-glucan. In conclusion, dietary inclusion of resistant starch increased the level of starch reaching the large intestine without any effect on mucin secretion, or endogenous nitrogen or amino acid losses content in the small intestine. The addition of $\beta$-glucan to a diet containing cellulose increases both mucin secretion and endogenous amino acid and nitrogen losses in the small intestine.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.57 no.4
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• pp.365-372
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• 2012

Native of soybean aphid (Aphis glycines Matsumura) is an Asia and aphid is one of the dangerous pests in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. High density aphid populations can reduce crop production by causing severe damage. The objective of this study was evaluation of resistance to the soybean aphid in soybean cultivars and germplasms. A total of fifty five soybean cultivars or germplasms, including two susceptible and two resistant check varieties, were infested to evaluate their resistance in the field cage and greenhouse test by aphid colonies which derived from wild collected one soybean aphid biotype in Korea. The average number of reproduced soybean aphid was evaluated with 62.7 aphids in the resistant check variety PI 567598B and also estimated with 1,807 aphids for susceptible check variety Williams 82. In soybean varieties and germplasms, the average reproduced soybean aphid populations ranged from the lowest 497 aphids for Junjeori to the highest 3,862 aphids for Mansu. About seventy six percent of soybean cultivars and germplasms were shown high density soybean aphid populations when compared with another susceptible check variety PI 567543C in the field cage test. From the greenhouse test to evaluate aphid index, 87.3% of soybean cultivars or germplasms presented aphid index with 9.0. No soybean cultivars and germplasms were observed with soybean resistant phenotype when regarded a aphid resistant level as less than 10% aphid reproductions compared with susceptible check Williams 82. Although no Korean soybean cultivars were identified with resistant trait to the soybean aphid, we found one great resistant genetic resource PI 567598B in this study. This result will be helpful to further study for providing useful genetic information for soybean researchers.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.22 no.4 s.94
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• pp.477-487
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• 2006

The quality characteristics of dough and French breads containing dietary fibers, which were resistant starches (RS3 and RS4 types) and commercial non-starch polysaccharides (cellulose, pectin and chitosan), were investigated. The pH of the dough containing all dietary fiber except pectin was greater than that of control and was increased with increasing addition level. There was no correlation between pH and the expansion ratio of dough. As the level of added dietary fibers became high, the bread baking loss decreased, and the order of specific bread volume was 5% cellulose < 5% pectin < control bread, with no significant difference in specific volume. When a high level of dietary fibers was added to wheat flour, a complex phase appeared due to the formation between the network structure of additives and wheat gluten, and starch granules were heavily masted by the increased development of gluten-network matrix after the first fermentation like a wide spread net. Comparing the colorimetric changes of breads with the same added ratio (10%) of dietary fibers, the cellulose and RS4 addition breads had lower levels and the pectin-added bread had the highest value in the redness, while the chitosan-added bread had the highest value in the yellowness. Breads with a high level of dietary fibers showed increased hardness, gumminess, and brittleness and decreased springiness and cohesiveness. By sensory data, breads with 5% NSP and 10% RS addition showed high overall acceptability, with higher sensory RS score, compared to NSP addition. In conclusion, it was suggested that bread with lower than 10% RS or 5% NSP addition based on the amount of wheat flour, was acceptable with no considerable change in preference/overall quality and processing in bread-making.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.600-607
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• 2020

Phytophthora capsici Leonian is a major pathogen of pepper worldwide and few resistance sources to this pathogen have been identified so far. The goals of this study were to identify new sources of resistance against P. capsici in Capsicum landraces and analyze the relationship between the resistance indicator of plant symptoms and some plant phenotype parameters of plant height, stem width, leaf length and leaf width. Thirty-two landraces of pepper were collected from fourteen states in Mexico. From each population, 36 plants were inoculated with 10,000 zoospores of P. capsici under controlled conditions. This experiment was repeated twice. Out of the 32 landraces, six showed high level of resistance, four showed intermediate resistance and five showed low level of resistance when compared with the susceptible control 'Bravo' and the resistant control 'CM334', indicating that these landraces are promising novel sources of resistance to P. capsici. There was no correlation between the symptoms and plant phenotype parameters. However, these parameters were not affected in the group classified as highly resistant, indicating that P. capsici does not affect the growing of these resistant pepper landraces. The other resistant groups were significantly affected in a differently manner regarding their phenotype, indicating that this pathogen reduce their growth in different ways. This study reports novel resistance sources with great potential that could be used in breeding programs to develop new pepper cultivars with durable resistance to P. capsici.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.74-77
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• 2019

A 10-year-old, 8.28 kg, intact female Cocker Spaniel was presented with continuous polyuria and polydipsia. The dog had proestrus bleeding 5 weeks earlier, and hyperglycemia, glucosuria, ketouria, and high level of serum fructosamine in laboratory findings. Based on hyperglycemia, glucosuria, ketouria, and ketosis, the patient was tentatively diagnosed as diabetes mellitus (DM) with ketouria. After diagnosis, 5 to 7 U/body porcine lente insulin was administered during 11 days from initial presentation as the remission of DM for the dog. But, blood glucose was still high level. Because there was no reaction to porcine lente insulin, it was replaced by 4-10 U/body neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) during 3 days. But, NPH also did not regulate blood glucose level. Because insulin therapy failed to regulate blood glucose level, the dog was considering insulin-resistant diabetes. The dog was tentatively diagnosed with progesterone-resistant DM on the basis of the history that had revealed proestrus bleeding 5 weeks earlier. Progesterone level was moderate high (43.7 ng/ml; reference range, 15.0-90.0 ng/ml). Ovariohysterectomy (OHE) was performed to remove the cause of the dog's diabetes. After OHE 11 days, blood glucose was gradually declined by insulin treatment. Consequently, blood glucose was well controlled in reference range without insulin treatment after 2 months. This case is a report on progesterone-induced DM treated with OHE and insulin treatment during the diestrus.