• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.253-261
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• 1989

Responses of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), aldosterone and renin release to acute volume expansion were compared in normotensive Wistar and spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) fed low or high-sodium diet (2 or 25 mmol Na/100 g diet). Experimental diets were fed for 6 weeks from 7-week-old and the growth rate was similar in all groups. In the morning of the experiment, catheters were inserted under ether anesthesia in femoral artery for pressure recording and blood collection, femoral vein for saline infusion, and bladder for urine collection. Then, the rats were placed in restraining cages. When the rats were recovered from anesthesia and the arterial pressure became stabilized, control urine and blood samples were collected. Then, 0.9% saline was infused for 30 min for volume expansion (3% BW). Arterial pressure was significantly higher in the high-sodium SHR but there was no difference between the two groups of Wistar rats. Control plasma levels of Na, K, ANP, renin activity, and hematocrit were not different among the 4 groups. However, plasma aldosterone level was significantly higher in the low-sodium groups. Wistar low-sodium rats showed approximately two times higher plasma aldosterone level than the SHR counterpart. Volume expansion produced a marked increase in plasma ANP level, especially in the high-sodium groups. The low-sodium groups of both strains showed approximately two-fold increase in plasma ANP level. Following a volume expansion plasma aldosterone level and renin activity decreased in all groups. There was a significant logarithmic positive correlation between plasma renin activity and aldosterone concentration. The low-sodium rats produced a greater increase in aldosterone release by small increase in plasma renin than did the high-sodium rats. The low- and high-sodium rats produced a similar degree of diuresis and natriuresis after volume expansion. However, SHR produced a greater natriuresis than did the Wistar rats. The above results indicate that regulatory mechanisms of ANP, aldosterone and renin release are different between the normotensive and hypertensive rats, and between the low- and high-sodium groups.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.53-68
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• 2004

Objectives : Laser therapy started in 1958 when Schawlow and Townes suggested medical value of Laser therapy. He-Ne laser has been utilized as a clinical treatment for various diseases by Plog since 1975. Low Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) has been used as medication for controlling obesity in the Korean Medicine. So this study is planned to investigate the effects of LLLT on the level of serum lipid and weight gain Methods : Experimental groups were divided into normal group(Normal), high fat diet group(Control), high fat diet and LLLT by helium-neon (He-Ne) on the tail is carried out once a 2 day during 5 weeks. The animals were divided into six groups: no ischemia-induced and no LLLT-treated group (Normal), the ischemia-induced and no LLLT-treated group (Control), the ischemia-induced and 5 mW 5 min LLLT-treated group (LLLT5-5), the ischemia-induced and 30 mW 5 min LLLT-treated group (LLLT30-5), the ischemia-induced and 5 mW 10 min LLLT-treated group (LLLT5-10), 30 mW 10 min LLLT-treated group (LLLT30-10). The effect of LLLT is observed by weight gain, food intake, food efficiency, serum of lipid concentrations, liver function and HDL to total cholesterol ratio of rats fed high fat diet for 5weeks. Results : Body weight and food intake were decreased in LLL5-5, LLLT30-5, LLLT30-10. Food efficiency was decreased in LLLT30-10. The level of serum Triglyceride, Free fatty acid, AST, ALT, ALP were decreased in LLLT30-10. Serum HDL-cholesterol was increase in LLLT5-10, LLLT30-10. Also serum ALT was decrease in LLLT5-5 Conclusions : LLLT(30 mW-10 min) is effective on Body weight, food efficiency ratio, the level of serum lipid and protection of liver function by obesity induced by high fat diet, and LLLT(5 mW-5 min) act on decrease of Body weight, food intake and ALT.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.71-76
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• 2008

This study was performed to examine the effects of onion powder supplementation on lipid metabolism in male SD rats fed a high fat and high cholesterol diet. Experimental groups were control (C), high fat fed group (HF), high fat+onion powder intake (OP), high fat+quercetin intake (Q). The HF diet contained 1% cholesterol, 4% lard, 0.3% Na-taurocholate, and quercetin supplementation level was 0.1 g/kg diet. The OP group showed lower body weight gains compared to the control, while there was no significant difference in food efficiency ratio efficiency. When the proportion of fecal bile acids per total lipids was calculated, there was a significant decrease in the HF group compared to the control group, while the levels of the control group was same as that of the OP group. There was no significant difference between the HF and Q groups in bile acid/total lipid in feces. The amount of total cholesterol in liver increased significantly in HF group compared to the control group, while total cholesterol decreased significantly in the OP group compared to the HF group. There was a significant decrease in GOT (glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase) activity in OP and Q groups compared to the HF group. In conclusion, feeding onion powder to hyperlipidemic rates appeared to control weight gain, significantly lower the level of total cholesterol in the liver, and recover GOT activity. We also demonstrated that onion powder intake was more effective than quercetin intake.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.173-180
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• 1979

SDS gel electrophoresis has been employed to examine the changes in distribution of three major classes of nuclear proteins extracted from isolated liver nuclei in response to refeeding of starved rats with a fat-free high carbohydrate diet and following insulin injection into streptozotocin-diabetic rats. The relative quantity of electrophoretically separated proteins in the fraction showed marked changes with 0.14 NaCl extracts, but not with histones and phenol soluble non-histone proteins. During 48h starvation at least five proteins ranging in molecular weight from 50,000 to 180,000 daltons decreased relative to normal controls while a protein with 36,000 daltons was increased. Refeeding the starved rats with a high carbohydrate diet reversed these changes over 24 h. Insulin injection into streptozotocin-diabetic rats increased levels of the set of five 0.14 M NaCl soluble proteins identified from refeeding experiment of starved rats. The 36,000 daltons protein was also diminished. These results indicate that changes in distribution of certain nuclear proteins in 0.14M NaCl extracts are associated with the control of nuclear activity ralated to known insulin-signalled modulation and induction of cytosolic lipogenic enzymes.

• Experimental and Molecular Medicine
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• v.50 no.12
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• pp.2.1-2.12
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• 2018

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) has a broad spectrum of biological activity by regulating metabolic processes via both the direct activation of the class B family of G protein-coupled receptors and indirect nonreceptor-mediated pathways. GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists have significant therapeutic effects on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and steatohepatitis (NASH) in animal models. However, clinical studies indicated that GLP-1 treatment had little effect on hepatic steatosis in some NAFLD patients, suggesting that GLP-1 resistance may occur in these patients. It is well-known that the gut metabolite sodium butyrate (NaB) could promote GLP-1 secretion from intestinal L cells. However, it is unclear whether NaB improves hepatic GLP-1 responsiveness in NAFLD. In the current study, we showed that the serum GLP-1 levels of NAFLD patients were similar to those of normal controls, but hepatic GLP-1R expression was significantly downregulated in NAFLD patients. Similarly, in the NAFLD mouse model, mice fed with a high-fat diet showed reduced hepatic GLP-1R expression, which was reversed by NaB treatment and accompanied by markedly alleviated liver steatosis. In addition, NaB treatment also upregulated the hepatic p-AMPK/p-ACC and insulin receptor/insulin receptor substrate-1 expression levels. Furthermore, NaB-enhanced GLP-1R expression in HepG2 cells by inhibiting histone deacetylase-2 independent of GPR43/GPR109a. These results indicate that NaB is able to prevent the progression of NAFL to NASH via promoting hepatic GLP-1R expression. NaB is a GLP-1 sensitizer and represents a potential therapeutic adjuvant to prevent NAFL progression to NASH.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.250-257
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• 2007

This study was performed to provide basic for predicting the usefulness of Gastrodiae rhizoma(Cho'nma) as a food material for oriental applied diet therapy(YackSun). Thus, Gastrodiae rhizoma was used to develop a traditional Korean snack, Dasik. As a useful food resource, Gastrodiae rhizoma along with Cortex fraxini powder, was used to prepare Dasik. Cho'nma powder was added to the Dasik 63.2%(Dasik-1), 42.2%(Dasik-2) and 21.0%(Dasik-5) of Cho'nma powder to Dasik in one piece(5 g). The moisture and crude ash contents of the Dasik-1, 2 and 3 were analyzed. Physio-chemical analysis and a sensory test were also performed on the Dasik. Moisture and crude ash contents of Dasik-1 were 20.16% and 0.65%, respectively. Moisture and crude ash contents of Dasik-2 and Dasik-3 were 22.92 and 27.17% and 0.49 and 0.23% respectively. from the color test, the t value of Dasik-1 was found to be significantly low but the b value of Dasik-1 significantly high compared with the other preparations. The addition of Cho'nma had a tendency to impart high hardness, fracturability, gumminess and chewiness. Therefore, the addition of Cho'nma made the texture of Dasik denser. From the sensory test, the color, chewiness and overall acceptability of Dasik-1 were found to be significantly high. In conclusion, the addition of 63.2% Cho'nma per piece would be a useful recipe to enhance the quality of Dasik, and the flour Cho'nma showed better result than the Dasik-2 and Dasik-3.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.826-835
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• 2018

The aim of the study was to investigate the influences of sodium fluoride on the body weight, lipid metabolism functional improvement, blood glucose level, protein component in the sera of rats which fed experimental diets for 5 weeks. Body weight gain of rats was higher in the NF25 group, NF30 group and NF50 group showed a significant difference from the basal diet group (BD group). The changes of the liver and the heart of each argan weights were observed compared to the BD group tends to appear lower in the oral NaF groups (p<0.05). Organ weight of each group of the others showed no significant difference (p<0.05). Serum concentrations of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, free cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), phospholipid (PL) and blood glucose were lower in BD group than basal diet plus sodium fluoride groups. Conversely depending on the concentration of sodium fluoride for the high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol level, it showed lower results. Serum total protein was observed low showed a significant difference in the NF50 group, there was no significant difference in the other groups (p<0.05). globulin and albumin concentration levels also showed the lowest results in the NF50 group.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.7-16
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• 1989

To determine the effect of sodium plus potassium to chloride ratio and lysine level on blood pH, blood acid-base parameters, lysine-arginine antagonism and growth performance, four hundred and thirty two chicks of 3 days age were used in a completely randomized $3{\times}3$ factorial experiment. Variables contained three levels of lysine (0.8, 1.2 and 1.6%) and dietary electrolyte (100, 200 and 300 mEq/kg). Birds fed 200 mEq/kg and electrolyte had the best growth rate and feed efficiency, followed by those fed 300 mEq/kg and 100 mEq/kg electrolyte. It is proposed that high levels of dietary electrolyte may improve the growth of chicks fed diets containing excess lysine by increasing lysine catabolism. High or low levels of lysine and dietary electrolyte resulted in higher mortality than those of optimum level (1.2%) of lysine and 200 mEq/kg of electrolyte balance. When the electrolyte level was increased, the pH, $pCO_2$, base excess, $HCO_3{^-}$ and total $CO_2$ of blood plasma were increased. The utilization of nutrients was changed when the electrolyte and lysine were manipulated. Plasma chloride tended to be greater in chicks receiving high chloride diet and was the highest in chicks fed the high lysine diet. Plasma sodium and potassium were unaffected by dietary lysine. Diet containing high lysine decreased the level of arginine and excess dietary electrolyte increased arginine level in plasma. It may be concluded that cation supplementation tended to alleviate the lysine-arginine antagonism but chloride exacerbated. Tibia bone length and ash contents were significantly affected by electrolyte balance and lysine level.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.313-318
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• 2013

A study was conducted to determine if subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) induced by feeding high level of non-structural carbohydrates results in increases in lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of peripheral blood in dairy cattle. In this experiment four Holstein steers, two of which having ruminal canulae with indwelling probes placed for measuring long term pH changes, were alloted into two dietary treatments in a cross-over design, where an acidogenic diet (AD) was formulated by including high amount of non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) based on corn silage and corn flake as TMR ingredients. Data for ruminal pH change and plasma LPS concentration were compared against normal diet (ND) which contained grass hay as forage and low NSC ingredients. Feeding AD for more than 14 days to animals brought about a pH change as low as less than 5.8 for more than 4 hours, which made good contrast to ND fed animals. Decreased ruminal pH also had an effect on LPS concentrations which showed significantly higher level for AD compared with ND. Therefore, plasma LPS concentration may be used as an effective indicator to verify acidosis whether it is acute or chronic. Na-bentonite and Propylene glycol, which are frequently included in dairy TMR as additives, helped decrease ruminal pH by buffering and then ultimately alleviates SARA. Therefore, it could also be helpful to lower the occurrence of laminitis which is often caused by increased blood endotoxin (LPS) concentration.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.23-28
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• 1976

Author have already reported that urinary aldosterone excretion of the Korean who usually eat high sodium diet is significantly lower comparing with the American, although the plasma aldosterone concentration is identical in the former with that of the latter. Measurement of urinary aldosterone excretion and Plasma concentration only is insufficient to establish the pressence and/or mode of evolution of the Korean. In this experiments, aldosterone secretion rate(ASR) was measured in normotensive Korean during high and low dietary sodium intake with or without additional potassium supply. Results were as follows; 1) In normal Korean, dietary sodium restriction resulted in appreciable increase in ASR, and a sustained increase in urinary aldosterone excretion with an increase in plasma level. 2) Oral potassium loading easily stimulated the adrenal cortex of the Korean who already adapted to a high sodium diet when dietary sodium is still identical with not·mal American. 3) Quantitative relationships between aldosterone secretion rate, plasma concentration and urinary excretion of aldosterone were altered by potassium loading. 4) Urinary aldosterone excretion didn't reflect concurrent increase aldosterone secretion in subjects with Potassium intake. It was discussed that the changes of tile relationships and of adrenal hyper response on Potassium Beading in the Korean will be elucidated by measuring the metabolic clearance rate.