• Clinical Nutrition Research
• /
• 제12권3호
• /
• pp.229-243
• /
• 2023

The rising prevalence of obesity and diabetes is a significant health concern both in globally and is now regarded as a worldwide epidemic. Added sugars like sucrose and high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) are a major concern due to their link with an increased incidence of diet-induced obesity and diabetes. The purpose of this review is to provide insight into the effects of natural sweeteners as alternatives to sucrose and HFCS, which are known to have negative impacts on metabolic diseases and to promote further research on sugar consumption with a focus on improving metabolic health. The collective evidences suggest that natural alternative sweeteners have positive impacts on various markers associated with obesity and diabetes, including body weight gain, hepatic fat accumulation, abnormal blood glucose or lipid homeostasis, and insulin resistance. Taken together, natural alternative sweeteners can be useful substitutes to decrease the risk of obesity and diabetes compared with sucrose and HFCS.

• 대한본초학회지
• /
• 제29권5호
• /
• pp.75-81
• /
• 2014

Objectives : This study was performed to investigate the effect of root extract of Pueraria thunbergiana Bentham (Puerariae Radix, PR) in diabetic mice as similar as emaciation-thirst disease in Oriental medicine. Methods : C57BL/6 mice were fed high fat (HF) and high sucrose (HS) for 8 weeks, and then administrated with 90 mg/kg body weight (bw) of streptozotocin (STZ) for induction of diabetes which is similar to the middle emaciation stage. After 5 days, blood glucose levels were measured, and selected the mice with ranges above $250mg/d{\ell}$. PR water extract was administrated orally once a day for 4 weeks with high fat and high sucrose. The levels of glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, triglyceride, ${\gamma}glutamyl$ transpeptidase (${\gamma}GTP$), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) were analysed in the serum. Also, observed their histological changes by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) of different organs, lung, heart, pancreas, stomach, liver, and kidney. Results : PR extract significantly decreased the levels of serum glucose and insulin in diabetic mice. PR extract significantly increased the levels of triglyceride, total cholesterol, GOT and GPT in diabetic mice. In H&E stain, PR extract inhibited the histopathological changes of lung (as a channel of the upper emaciation stage in the channel-tropism theory), pancreas (as a channel of the middle emaciation stage) and kidney (as a channel of the lower emaciation stage) in diabetic damage. Conclusions : PR extract has an anti-diabetic effect in HF/HS and low-dose STZ-induced diabetic mice. This result suggests that PR follows the channel-tropism theory in the emaciation-thirst disease through the protection of lung, pancreas and kidney.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제32권2호
• /
• pp.129-136
• /
• 1999

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of fructooligosaccharide on intestinal flora, lipid metabolism and immune response. Thirty two male rats of Sprague-Dawley strain were divided into two groups according to body weight. Each group was fed the diet containing 2% cholesterol or the normal diet, respectively for 4 weeks. Each group was again divided into two sub-groups and they were fed with the diet containing 5% of sucrose and fructooligosaccharide, respectively for 8 weeks. The number of bifidobacteria slight increased, but not significantly, in oligosaccharide groups. Plasma total lipid concentration in cholesterol group was signficantly increased compared to the value in normal group. Dietary oligosaccharide decreased plasma total lipid concentration and triglyceride concentrations in normal group, but not in cholesterol group. Fecal lipid excretion was higher in cholesterol group than in normal group. Fecal cholesterol concentration in cholesterol-oligosaccharide group was significantly increased compared to other groups. Cholesterol had slight effects on TBARS and the immune status, but dietary oligosaccharide had no effects on these variables. The results in this study suggest that dietary oligosaccharide had no effect on serum and liver profiles of rats fed high cholesterol diet but increases the fecal cholesterol excretion.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제30권8호
• /
• pp.1190-1197
• /
• 2017

Objective: Adipose tissue is no longer considered as an inert storage organ for lipid, but instead is thought to play an active role in regulating insulin effects via secretion adipokines. However, conflicting reports have emerged regarding the effects of adipokines. In this study, we investigated the role of adipokines in glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity in obese Bama mini-pigs. Methods: An obesity model was established in Bama mini-pigs, by feeding with high-fat and high-sucrose diet for 30 weeks. Plasma glucose and blood biochemistry levels were measured, and intravenous glucose tolerance test was performed. Adipokines, including adiponectin, interleukin-6 (IL-6), resistin and tumor necrosis factor alpha ($TNF-{\alpha}$), and glucose-induced insulin secretion were also examined by radioimmunoassay. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation in skeletal muscle, which is a useful insulin resistance marker, was examined by immunoblotting. Additionally, associations of AMPK phosphorylation with plasma adipokines and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index were assessed by Pearce's correlation analysis. Results: Obese pigs showed hyperglycemia, high triglycerides, and insulin resistance. Adiponectin levels were significantly decreased (p<0.05) and IL-6 amounts dramatically increased (p<0.05) in obese pigs both in serum and adipose tissue, corroborating data from obese mice and humans. However, circulating resistin and $TNF-{\alpha}$ showed no difference, while the values of $TNF-{\alpha}$ in adipose tissue were significantly higher in obese pigs, also in agreement with data from obese humans but not rodent models. Moreover, strong associations of skeletal muscle AMPK phosphorylation with plasma adiponectin and HOMA-IR index were obtained. Conclusion: AMPK impairment induced by adiponectin decrease mediates insulin resistance in high-fat and high-sucrose diet induction. In addition, Bama mini-pig has the possibility of a conformable model for human metabolic diseases.

• 대한한방내과학회지
• /
• 제33권4호
• /
• pp.429-437
• /
• 2012

Objectives : Obesity is an important cause of diabetes, and lipotoxicity causes insulin resistance. In this study, we investigated the effects of Salvia miltiorrhiza on high fat diet-induced obese type 2 diabetic mouse models. Methods : Diabetes was induced in ICR male mouse (23~25 g) with Surwit's high fat, high sucrose diet. Mice were divided into 4 groups (n=10) of normal, control, Salvia miltiorrhiza, and metformin. After 8 weeks, body weight, OGTT, fructosamine, lipid profile, serum level of adiponectin and leptin, epididymal fat pad, liver weight and epididymal adipocyte size were measured. Results : Salvia miltiorrhiza significantly reduced oral glucose tolerance levels, fructosamine serum level, epididymal fat weight, and epididymal adipocyte size. Salvia miltiorrhiza also increased HDL-cholesterol, adiponectin and leptin serum levels. Conclusions : These results show that Salvia miltiorrhiza improves insulin resistance. Therefore we suggest that Salvia miltiorrhiza would be an effective treatment for obese type 2 diabetic patients.

• 대한한의학회지
• /
• 제32권5호
• /
• pp.1-11
• /
• 2011

Objectives: This study was undertaken to evaluate anti-glycemic and anti-lipid effects of Supungsunkihwan-gagambang, which is composed of Cornus officinalis, Dioscorea Batatas Decaisne, Auantii fructus and Platicodon grandiflorum. Methods: Diabetes was induced in ICR male mice ($24{\pm}1g$) with Surwit's high fat and high sucrose diet. Mice were divided into 3 groups (n=10) of normal, control and Supungsunkihwan-gagambang. The Supungsunkihwan-gagambang group was given 5% herbal medicine in their diet. The animals were fed on each experimental diet for 8 weeks. Body weight was assessed every week. At the 7th week, the fasting blood sugar (FBS) and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) were conducted in all experimental groups. After 8 weeks, fructosamine, lipid profile, epididymal fat weight, liver weight and white adipose tissue (WAT) size were measured. Results: Supungsunkihwan-gagambang significantly reduced FBS, OGTT and fructosamine. It also increased high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and significantly reduced triglyceride/HDL cholesterol ratio, total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio and WAT size. Conclusions: These results show that Supungsunkihwan-gagambang improves anti-glycemic and anti-lipid effect in high fat diet-induced obese mice. Therefore we suggest that Supungsunkihwan-gagambang could be an effective treatment for patients with type 2 diabetes.

• Molecules and Cells
• /
• 제44권2호
• /
• pp.116-125
• /
• 2021

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the most common cause of death in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and dyslipidemia is considered at least partially responsible for the increased CVD risk in NAFLD patients. The aim of the present study is to understand how hepatic de novo lipogenesis influences hepatic cholesterol content as well as its effects on the plasma lipid levels. Hepatic lipogenesis was induced in mice by feeding a fat-free/high-sucrose (FF/HS) diet and the metabolic pathways associated with cholesterol were then analyzed. Both liver triglyceride and cholesterol contents were significantly increased in mice fed an FF/HS diet. Activation of fatty acid synthesis driven by the activation of sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP)-1c resulted in the increased liver triglycerides. The augmented cholesterol content in the liver could not be explained by an increased cholesterol synthesis, which was decreased by the FF/HS diet. HMG-CoA reductase protein level was decreased in mice fed an FF/HS diet. We found that the liver retained more cholesterol through a reduced excretion of bile acids, a reduced fecal cholesterol excretion, and an increased cholesterol uptake from plasma lipoproteins. Very low-density lipoproteintriglyceride and -cholesterol secretion were increased in mice fed an FF/HS diet, which led to hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia in Ldlr-/- mice, a model that exhibits a more human like lipoprotein profile. These findings suggest that dietary cholesterol intake and cholesterol synthesis rates cannot only explain the hypercholesterolemia associated with NAFLD, and that the control of fatty acid synthesis should be considered for the management of dyslipidemia.

• 대한한의학회지
• /
• 제24권4호
• /
• pp.54-63
• /
• 2003

Objectives : This study aimed to elucidate the effects of TBE on hyperlipidemia. Methods : We studied the effects of TBE on hyperlipidemia through gene expressions related with lipid metabolism and serum triglyceride as well as total and HDL-cholesterol levels, and perceived histological changes. Results : The present studies demonstrate that TBE can reduce the rise in plasma cholesterol and TG levels induced by a high-cholesterol diet and also reverse pre-established hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglycemia. In the TBE group total cholesterol levels decreased, TG levels decreased, but HDL-cholesterol levels also decreased. In the analysis of absolute and relative liver weight, TBE inhibited the weight gain induced by a high-cholesterol diet. In the histological observations, lipid droplet and apoptotic change in the TBE treated group were less compared with the control group. In the serum biochemical analysis, a difference of serum AST and ALT changes among groups was not shown, but TG and total cholesterol levels were less and HDL level decreased compared with the control group. In the gene expression related with TG and cholesterol metabolism, DGAT decreased slightly but ACAT decreased more as compared with control and Lipidil groups. Conclusion : From this study, we can infer that TBE possesses a hypolipidemic effect by inhibiting the intestinal absorption and storage of exogenous and endogenous cholesterol.

• 한국잠사곤충학회지
• /
• 제16권2호
• /
• pp.35-53
• /
• 1974

5령기에 있어서 인공사료 중 탄수화물 함량과 단백질 함양의 다소가 누에의 실용형질 및 소화액 Amylase 활성에 미치는 영향을 알기 위하여 탄수화물 급원으로서 서당과 단백질 급원으로서 대두박 의 수준을 달리한 9종의 입공사료로 사육하여 조사할 결과는 다음과 같다. (1) 사료 중 탄수화물 함량과 단백질 함량의 다소는 유충의 증체량 몇 견질에 미치는 영향이 클뿐만 아니라 사료효율에도 영향을 주므로 적량의 대두박 및 서당의 첨가가 필요하다. (2) 유충의 식하양은 증체량이 많은 유충에서 많았다. (3) 사료 중 단백질 함량이 많을수록 유충의 소화량이 많고 소화율이 높았다. 그러나 탄수화물 함량의 다소와 유충의 소화량 및 소화율과는 일정한 경향이 없었다. (4) 유충의 소화액 Amylase 활성과 사료 중 단백질 및 탄수화물 함량과는 일정한 상관관계가 없었으나 잠체내의 탄수화물 농도를 높일 수 있는 사요에서는 활성이 강하였다. (5) 사료 중 단백질 함량의 다소와 잠분 중 조단백질 함량과는 부의 상관관계가 있었고 가용무질소물 함량과는 부의 상관관계가 있었다. 한편 사료 중 탄수화물 함량이 많으면 않을수록 잠분 중 가용질소물 함량은 많아지나 친단백질 함량은 오히려 적어졌다. (6) 인공사료육잠은 상엽육잠보다 Amylase 활성이 강하여도 유충증체량이 적고 견질이 불량하여 경제적 가치가 적었다. (7) 상엽분말이 44% 함유된 5영기 인공사료에 있어서 서당의 최적 함양은 0g이고 대두박의 최적 함량은 40g이었다. (8) 인공사료에 었어서 Amylase 활성을 강하게 할 수 있으나 실용형질이 불량하여 경제적 가치가 없는 것으로 보아 Amylase 활성을 강하게 하는 인공사료의 개발만으로는 산업적인 육잠목표를 달성할 수 없다고 생각한다.량하나, 빠를수록 급격하게 불량하다. 2) 우리나라의 잠기별 잠작은 춘(1~4기), 추(7~10기), 만추(11기), 하(5기) 초추(6기)잠 순으로 불량하였다. 3) 잠작과 영역접배를 고려한 다회 보통육은 1, 3, 8, 10기 등 4회육이 적합하고 조상 4회육은 10기 대신에 11기 대치로 무난하다. 2. 양잠농가의 추잠작 불안정 요인시험 1) 양잠농가의 수견량을 지배한 치명적인 요인은 잠실 잠구의 소독불충분에 의한 병원축적이며 2) 이차적 요인은 사육온습도 관리불량, 배게치기, 적숙엽 선정기술 불량 및 결상총과소 등이며 잠작과 경영구 요소는 관련이 없는것 같다. 3) 견층비율에는 뽕의 엽질이 가장 크게 영향되고, 다음으로 통원누적으로 인한 누에의 건강도에 영향한 것 같다. 3. 육잠기술 지도효과 1) 지도농가의 상자당 수견량 춘잠기 32.3kg, 추잠기 25.8kg으로서 대조 농가보다 각각 20%, 35%가 증수되어 연평균 29.0kg으로서 26%의 증수를 실증하였다. 2) 지도농가의 3등견 이상의 고치는 춘잠기 77.1%, 추잠기 83.7%로서 대조농가보다 각각 14.3%, 11.3%가 많았다. 3) 지도농가의 지도후년도의 상자당 수견중은 춘잠기 31.2kg, 추잠기 26.9kg, 연평균 28.9kg으로서 대조농가보다 각각 3%. 16%, 8%가 증수되였으므로 이는 기술지도의 잔류효과로 인정하였다. 4) 기술수준에 따른 잔류효과는 기술수준 상위농가는 0% 하위농가는 19%이었다. 4. 상엽질의 계절적 변화추이 1) 장잠기 상엽을 주재로 한 인공사료육의 결과는 춘＞ 만추≒하＞추≒＞ 초추의 순으로 우수했다. 2) 치잠기 상엽을 주재로한 인공사료육의 결과는 춘, 만추, 추, 하, 초추 순위의 경향을 보였으나 유의차는 인정되지 않았다. 5.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
• /
• 제45권6호
• /
• pp.789-796
• /
• 2016

본 연구에서 고당식이로 비알코올성 지방간을 유도한 마우스의 체중 변화는 대조군보다 백미군, 혼합잡곡군, 항비만혼합잡곡군에서 체중증가율이 낮았고 간 무게 또한 유의적으로 감소했으며, 간 내 조직학적 지방구 수와 크기가 감소한 것을 관찰할 수 있었다. 혈청 지질 수치 역시 개선 효과를 보였는데 모든 실험군이 대조군보다 중성지방, 총콜레스테롤 및 저밀도 콜레스테롤의 농도가 감소하였고, 혈청 고밀도 콜레스테롤은 모두 증가하였다. 간 조직 내 지질합성 및 지방산 침투와 관련 유전자 인자에서 대조군보다 SREBP-1c mRNA 유전자 발현 수준은 백미군, 혼합잡곡군 및 항비만혼합잡곡군에서, ACC 및 FAS mRNA 유전자 발현 수준은 혼합잡곡군과 항비만혼합잡곡군에서, SCD-1 mRNA 유전자 발현 수준은 항비만혼합잡곡군에서 감소하였다. CD36 및 $PPAR-{\gamma}$ mRNA 유전자 발현 수준 또한 대조군보다 백미군, 혼합잡곡군, 항비만혼합잡곡군에서 감소하였다. 간 내 ${\beta}$산화로 지방축적 억제와 관련된 유전자 인자인 $PPAR-{\alpha}$ 및 CPT-1 mRNA 유전자 발현 수준은 대조군보다 혼합잡곡군, 항비만혼합잡곡군에서 증가하였다. 본 실험 결과를 종합해 볼 때 고당식이로 비알코올성 지방간질환을 유도한 마우스에서 백미군, 혼합잡곡군 및 항비만혼합잡곡군 모두 지질 대사 개선 효과가 나타났으며 항비만혼합잡곡군이 가장 효과적이었다.