• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.207-216
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to biomechanical analysis Judo's Kuzushi throwing motion in order to increase the effectiveness of Nage-waja(throwing technique). The Tori was a Judo player with 18 years experience(4th degree) while the Uke was a player with 2 years experience(1st degree). The kinematic data was captured using the Vicon motion system (7 cameras) and the kinetics were recorded by force plates(2 AMTI). The following were the results; While leaning to the front the subject's trunk's angle was $14.5^{\circ}$, the lower limbs angle was $23.8^{\circ}$, knee angle was $179.6^{\circ}$ and the vertical reaction of the left leg was 325.42N(BW 0.34) and the right leg was 233.7N(BW 0.47). While leaning back the subject's trunk's angle was $11.3^{\circ}$, the lower limbs angle was $4.1^{\circ}$, knee angle was $1761^{\circ}$ and the vertical reaction of the left leg was 299.53N(BW 0.43) and the right leg was 441.7N(BW 0.64). While leaning to the left the subject's trunk's angle was $30.8^{\circ}$, the lower limbs angle was $2.7^{\circ}$, knee angle was $175.2^{\circ}$ and the vertical reaction of the left leg was 711N(BW 1.03) and the right leg was 9.2N(BW 0.01). While leaning to the right the subject's trunk's angle was $36.5^{\circ}$, the lower limbs angle was $10.4^{\circ}$, knee angle was $175.2^{\circ}$ and the vertical reaction of the left leg was 13.2N(BW 0.02) and the right leg was 694.7N(BW 1.01). While leaning to the left front corner the subject's trunk's angle was $19.8^{\circ}$ (front) and $15.1^{\circ}$ (left), the lower limbs angle was $17.8^{\circ}$ (front) and $2.4^{\circ}$ (left), knee angle was $177.8^{\circ}$ (front) and $173.9^{\circ}$(left), and the vertical reaction of the left leg was 547.4N(BW 0.8) and the right leg was 117.8N(BW 0.17). While leaning to the right front corner the subject's trunk's angle was $15.4^{\circ}$ (front) and $17.7^{\circ}$ (right), the lower limbs angle was $21.1^{\circ}$, (front) and $5.7^{\circ}$ (right), knee angle was $175.5^{\circ}$ (front) and $178.9^{\circ}$(right), and the vertical reaction of the left leg was 53N(BW 0.08) and the right leg was 622.4N(BW 09). While leaning to the left rear corner the subject's trunk's angle was $9.2^{\circ}$ (back) and $13.8^{\circ}$ (left), the lower limbs angle was $2^{\circ}$, (back) and $5.7^{\circ}$ (left), knee angle was $175.5^{\circ}$ (back) and $172.8^{\circ}$(left), and the vertical reaction of the left leg was 698.2N(BW 1.02) and the right leg was 49.6N(BW 0.07). While leaning to the right rear corner the subject's trunk's angle was $8.9^{\circ}$ (back) and $19.6^{\circ}$ (right), the lower limbs angle was ${0.6^{\circ}}_"$ (back) and $3.1^{\circ}$ (right), knee angle was $174.6^{\circ}$ (back) and $175.6^{\circ}$(right), and the vertical reaction of the left leg was 7.2N(BW 0.01) and the right leg was 749.4N(BW 1.09). It was observed that during the Judo motion Kuzushii the range of the COM varied from $26.5{\sim}39.9cm$. It was concluded that the upper body leaned further than the lower body as there was knee extension. There was high left leg reaction forces while leaning to the left and likewise for the right side. It was therefore deduced that the Kuzushi was a more effective throwing technique for the left side.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.1626-1632
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• 2008

Among patients who are receiving treatments at an oriental medical hospital for various symptoms and diseases, patients whose main disease is accompanied by metabolic syndrome with abnormal liver function. This research was performed in order to observe the progression of changes in the liver function and serum lipid profile after the oriental medical treatments to patients who have been receiving oriental medical treatment for various other diseases and have been diagnosed as having metabolic syndrome at their first visit to the hospital based on NCEP ATP III diagnosis criteria and WHO Asia Pacific region criteria. Total number of subject patients were 39cases(mean age:55.58${\pm}$2.09 years) which had 20 male and 19 female. For the references for hepatic enzyme levels and blood lipid profile were measured in before treatment and four times after treatments(every 2.31${\pm}$06.17 weeks). Serum AST was 48.86${\pm}$7.46 IU/L before oriental medical treatment. After the treatment, 40.63${\pm}$4.69, 43.12${\pm}$5.46, 37.82${\pm}$4.52 IU/L were measured where although the level decreased to the normal level compared to pre-treatment, the value was not significant statistically(P>0.05). ALT was 66.26${\pm}$11.01 IU/L before oriental medical treatment. After the treatment 62.10${\pm}$8.20, 61.10${\pm}$8.76, 43.79${\pm}$5.68 were measured where although the level decreased, abnormally high level was maintained. The last result was significant statistically(P<0.05) compared to pre-treatment. ALP was 193.06${\pm}$14.20 IU/L before oriental medical treatment. After the treatment, 176.80${\pm}$6.48, 177.46${\pm}$11.81, 162.41${\pm}$9.06 where although compared to pre-treatment the last result was significant statistically(P<0.05), the change was within the normal range. ${\gamma}$-GGT was 87.83${\pm}$12.59 IU/L before oriental medical treatment. After the treatment, progressively near normal level was achieved with 118.73${\pm}$46.45, 85.03${\pm}$17.12, 70.64${\pm}$10.93 and the last result was statistically significant compared to pre-treatment (P<0.05). Blood triglyceride was 217.63${\pm}$32.18 mg/dL before oriental medical treatment. After treatment 215.09${\pm}$22.18, 189.93${\pm}$22.44, 191.22${\pm}$18.51 where abnormal values continued even after treatment although results was not statistically significant compared to pre-treatment(P>0.05). Total-cholesterol was 197.28${\pm}$9.24 mg/dL before oriental medical treatment, after treatment 201.55${\pm}$11.13, 186.87${\pm}$8.77 and 186.68${\pm}$7.61 were measured that results were not statistically significant compared to pre-treatment(P>0.05). HDL-cholesterol was 41.88${\pm}$2.38 mg/dL before oriental medical treatment, after treatment 48.75${\pm}$4.22, 44.10${\pm}$1.91, 48.00${\pm}$2.06 the results were not statistically significant compared to pre-treatment(P>0.05). LDL-cholesterol was 111.66${\pm}$13.08 mg/dL before oriental medical treatment, after treatment 109.94${\pm}$10.18, 101.79${\pm}$8.63, 104.00${\pm}$6.98 the results were not statistically significant compared to pre-treatment(P>0.05). With such results, even if common oriental medical treatments were given to metabolic syndrome patients with abnormal liver function, the liver function was confirmed not to be aggravated, and the concentration of lipids in the blood was confirmed not to be affected in most patients.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.99-104
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• 2009

The $\beta$-glucosidase gene from Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The ORF consisted of 1377 nucleotides encoding 51 kDa in a predicted molecular weight. Effects of pH indicated that the $\beta$-glucosidase showed similar activity using $\alpha$-pNPG($\rho$-nitrophenyl-$\alpha$-D-glucopyranoside), $\beta$-pNPG($\rho$-nitrophenyl-$\beta$-D-glucopyranoside), and $\beta$-pNPF($\rho$-nitrophenyl-$\beta$-D-fucopyranoside) at range of pH 3 to 10, and high activity using $\beta$-pNPGA ($\rho$-nitrophenyl-$\beta$-D-galactopyranoside) from pH 5 to 10, especially, 3.3 times higher activity at pH 9. Effects of temperature indicated that the $\beta$-glucosidase showed low activity using $\alpha$-pNPG, $\beta$-pNPG, and $\beta$-pNPF from $20^{\circ}C$ to $70^{\circ}C$, and increased activity using $\beta$-pNPGA from $30^{\circ}C$ to $50^{\circ}C$, 1.8 times higher activity at $50^{\circ}C$ than at $30^{\circ}C$. According to activity determination of other substrates, the enzyme was active on daidzin, genistin, and glycitin, inactive on esculin and apigenin-7-glucose. The EDTA and DTT as reducing agents inhibited $\beta$-glucosidase activity, but SDS and mercaptoethanol did not inhibit. Monovalent or divalent metal ions such as $MnSO_4$, $CaCl_2$, KCl, and $MgSO_4$ did not inhibited $\beta$-glucosidase activity. $CuSO_4$ and NaCl showed low inhibition, and $ZnSO_4$ inhibited 3.3 times higher than control.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.361-373
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• 1999

Objectives: Receive Operating Characteristic(ROC) curve with the area under the ROC curve(AUC) is one of the most popular indicator to evaluate the criterion validity of the measurement tool. This study was conducted to develop a standardized questionnaire to discriminate workers at high-risk of work-related musculoskeletal disorders using ROC analysis. Methods: The diagnostic results determined by rehabilitation medicine specialists in 370 persons(89 shipyard CAD workers, 113 telephone directory assistant operators, 79 women with occupation, and 89 housewives) were compared with participant's own replies to 'the questionnair on the worker's subjective physical symptoms'(Kwon, 1996). The AUC's from four models with different methods in item selection and weighting were compared with each other. These 4 models were applied to 225 persons, working in an assembly line of motor vehicle, for the purpose of AUC reliability test. Results: In a weighted model with 11 items, the AUC was 0.8155 in the primary study population, and 0.8026 in the secondary study population(p=0.3780). It was superior in the aspects of discriminability, reliability and convenience. A new questionnaire of musculoskeletal disorder could be constructed by this model. Conclusion: A more valid questionnaire with a small number of items and the quantitative weight scores useful for the relative comparisons are the main results of this study. While the absolute reference value applicable to the wide range of populations was not estimated, the basic intent of this study, developing a surveillance fool through quantitative validation of the measures, would serve for the systematic disease prevention activities.

• Archives of design research
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• v.18 no.4 s.62
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• pp.105-118
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• 2005

Housing environment for human beings has been diversified and more convenient due to the development of high technology and civilization brought by industrialization in the 20th century. In the 21st century, how to overcome the ecological limit of biased development-centered advancement, that is, how to preserve and hand over a clean and healthy 'sustainable environment' to our next generations has been one of the most-talked about issues. Environmental symbiosis means a wider range of environmental harmony from micro-dimensional perspective to macro one. The three goals of a environmentally friendly house are to preserve global environment, to harmonize with the environment around, and to offer a healthy and comfortable living environment. From the point of view of environmental symbiosis, houses should be designed to save energy and natural resources for preservation of global environment, to collect such natural energy resources as solar heat and wind force, to recycle waste water, and recycle and reduce the amount of the waste matter. Now, the environmentally-friendly house became a new social mission that is difficult to not only challenge but also realize without conversion to a new paradigm, ecologism.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.24 no.1 s.87
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• pp.29-38
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• 2006

After the first opening of the KTX in April 2004, travel time between major cities has been dramatically reduced. The reduction rates range from 32% to 47%. Considering travel time reduction between major cities, this study concerned about the intercity travel impact of the KTX operation. This study aimed to analyze intercity mode choice behavior of Daegu Citizens according to the first opening of the KTX. This study takes place in two sections. These are (i) the section of KTX between Daegu and Seoul, and (ii) the section of KTX between Daegu and Daejeon. This study estimated empirical models for analyzing intercity mode choice behavior according to the first opening of the KTX. This study makes use of the data from travel survey from Daegu metropolitan area. The main part of the survey was carried out in the KTX Dong-Daegu station. The survey data includes the information on travel from Daegu to Daejeon and from Daegu to Seoul. In order to analyze intercity choice behavior according to the frist opening of the KTX, multinomial model structure is used. For the model specification, a variety of behavioral assumptions about the factors which affect the mode choice, were considered. From the empirical model estimation, it is found that OVTT(Out-of-Vehicle Travel Time), OVTC(Out-of-Vehicle Travel Cost), IVTT(In-Vehicle Travel Time), IVTC(In-Vehicle Travel Cost), travel frequency, travel purpose, sex, age, occupation. household income, individual income are significant in choosing intercity travel mode. However, it is found that the intercity nde choice behavior is different between (i) the section of KTX between Daegu and Seoul, and (ii) the section of KTX between Daegu and Daejeon. Furthermore, some policy implications are discussed in conclusion.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.317-324
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• 2007

Fluorescence measurements of dissolved organic matter(DOM) have the superior advantages over other analysis tools for applying to water quality management. A preliminary study was conducted to test the feasibility of applying synchronous fluorescence measurements for tracing and monitoring pollution sources in a small stream located in an upstream area of the Sooyoung watershed in Busan. The water quality of the small stream is affected by leachate from sawdust pile and discharge of untreated sewage. The sampling sites included an upstream site, two pipes discharging untreated sewage, leachate from sawdust, and a downstream site. Of the five field samples, the leachate was distinguished from the other samples by a high peak at a lower wavelength range and a blunt peak at 350nm, suggesting that synchronous fluorescence can be used as a discrimination tool for monitoring the pollution. The efficacy of various indices derived from the spectral features to discriminate the pollution source was tested for well-defined mixture of the sawdust leachate and the upstream stream by comparing (1)the difference between measured values and those predicted based on mass balance and the characteristics of the two samples and (2)the linear correlations between index values and mass ratios of the sample mixtures. Of various discrimination indices selected, fluorescence intensities at 276 nm$({\Delta}\lambda=30nm)$and 347 nm$({\Delta}\lambda=60nm)$ were suggested as promising potential discrimination indices for the sawdust pollution source. Despite the limited number of samples and the study area, this study illustrates the evaluation process that should be followed to develop rapid, low-cost discrimination indices to monitor pollution sources based on end member mixing analyses.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.16 no.3 s.76
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• pp.400-408
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• 2006

Nutritional components of 4 kinds of red seaweeds, Meristotheca papulosa, Chondrus ocellatus, Gracilaria verrucosa, Gigartina tenella, were investigated to elucidate their functionality. Antioxidant activity and nitrite scavenging activity were analyzed from 70% ethanol extracted from these red seaweeds. Large difference in ash contents was found to exhibit among all samples analyzed in this study; $9.8{\pm}0.2g/100g$ for Gracilaria verrucosa and Gigartina tenella for $17.8{\pm}0.6g/100g$. While its crude fiber content was almost the same as those in other sample within a range between $2.0{\pm}0.4g/100g$ and $6.0{\pm}0.7g/100g$. Phenolic compounds content of Gracilaria verrucosa was also the highest as $78.4{\pm}1.0mg/g$, while the total flavonoids contents of Chondrus ocellatus and Gracilaria verrucosa were $14.9{\pm}0.5mg/g$ and $13.9{\pm}0.8mg/g$, respectively. These amounts were two folds higher than Meristotheca papulosa and Gigartina tenella. The total content of minerals was the highest in Meristotheca papulosa(12,107.7 mg/kg). The amount of glutamic acid was relatively high despite of small variation in measured levels of composition amino acid ($49.1{\sim}125.6mg/g$) for most samples investigated. SOD-like ability was significantly increased with increasing sample concentration, but its activity was lower. Gigartina tenella with highest electron donation ability exhibited increases in activity as $53.96{\pm}0.98%$ in concentration of 250 ${\mu}g/ml$ and $70.52{\pm}1.09%$ in 1000 ${\mu}g/ml$, respectively. In case of concentration of 100 ${\mu}g/ml$, particularly, the level of hydroxy radical scavenging activity were $57.87{\pm}1.70{\sim}62.07{\pm}0.87%$ which was significantly higher activity than ascorbic acid and BHT. Nitrite scavenging activity was the highest in Gracilaria verrucosa. Its activity was also increased from $24.04{\pm}1.9{\sim}27.52{\pm}0.82%$ in $100{\sim}500{\mu}g/ml$ concentration tp $34.81{\pm}1.36%$ in concentration of 1000 ${\mu}g/ml$.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.41-48
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• 1995

Purpose : The adjuvant postoperative radiotherapy has been usually applied to the patients with unfavorable prognostic factors after radical operation in early cervical cancer. We focused on the evaluation of the survival status and failure patterns of the patients with postoperative radiotherapy. Materials and Methods : We retrospectively analyzed ninety patients with FIGO stage IB and IIA cervix cancer who received postoperative pelvic irradiation at Chonnam University Hospital between August 1985 and December 1988, Seventy-eight patients had adequate follow-up information for survival analysis. Median follow-up time of these patients was 64 months. Results : The 5 year overall and disease free survival rate of ninety patients was $80.0\%$ and $80.2\%$, respectively. The prognostic significance to the survival was determined by multivariate analysis. Adequacy of resection margin(p=0.005) and lymph node status(p=0.005) appeared to be independent prognostic factors. Recurrence occurred in 13 patients, 5 in the pelvis and 8 at distant sites. The median time to recurrence was 19 months(range:3-39 months). The pelvic recurrence was more prevalent in the group of patients with adenocarcinoma, depth of stromal invasion more than 10mm and use of chemotherapy. The distant failure was more prevalent in the group of positive resection margin or positive lymph node with statistical significance. Conclusion : Patients with pelvic lymph node or surgical margin involvement clearly constitute a high risk group in this analysis and should be considered as candidates for some form of adjuvant therapy.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.125-132
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• 1990

The authors carried out an experiment to investigate the responsive behavior of sea eel, Astroconger myriaster(BREVOORT) to chemical stimuli. The experimental tank was made in doughnut type by using FRP plates. The channel of tank was divided into three concentric troughs by using perforated plastic plates. The inside trough was used as influent part, the outside one as effluent part, and the middle one as the testing trough in which testing fish may be swimmable. The influent part was radially portioned into 12 sections so as to be 30 degrees of central angle. But a basin of any section in testing trough was diverged in the range of 45 degrees of central angle. The the testing trough are radially divided into eight zones. Water is supplied at the rate of 6.3l per minute from the central water tank set as high as 50cm in the center of doughnut, passed across the influent part, testing trough, effluent part and finally discharged by overflow pipes. The chemical substance to stimulate the sea eel was extracted from mackerel, shad and krill which are used as bait for fishing. The chemical substance was injected into any one of 12 hoses which supplies water from central water tank to the influent part at the rate of 2ml per minute. Sea eels used for the experiment were caught by pot in the coast of Chung-mu and accustomed to the tanks for 5 days before applying them to the experiment. The result obtained are as follows: 1. The rate of time length of sea eel's staying in the stimulated zone, as the extracts of mackerel, shad and krill were given to it, was observed as 7.9%, 30.9% and 11.4% respectively. It means that the extract from shad was the most effective of three in attracting sea eel. 2. To compare the effect of freshness of bait fish, the extracts were prepared from shad just killed, form the 24 hour-lapsed one and from the 48 hour-lasped one after killed. The rate of time length of sea eel's staying in the stimulated zone was 30.9%, 17.1% and 11.3% respectively. It means that the freshness is much effective in attracting olfactory fishes like sea eel.