• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.158-162
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• 1986

Various cell wall polysaccharides such as ionically associated pectin (IAP), covalently bounded pectin (CBP),4N potassium hydroxide soluble hemicellulosic fraction (HF,) and 0-3N soluble hemicellulosic fraction (HF,) were fractionated from crude cell wall of the fresh and soft persimmon by chemical method. The changesin cell wall polysaccharides were studied by gel filteration chromatography . The content of crude cell wall remarkably decreased in the soft persimmon. The decreasing rates of IAP, CBP and $HF_2$ were 59, 60 and 74%, respectively, while $HF_1$ and cellulose changed only a little during softening. Sugar compositions of IAP and CBP were 72-84% uronic acid, 5-1% hexose and 11-16% pentose, and also the hemicellulose was composed of uronic acid besides hexose and pentose that was hemicellulosic components. The loss rate of pentose in IAP, of hexose in CBP, of hexose and uronic acid in $HF_2$, of pentose in $HF_1$ increased during softening. Though apparent average molecular freight of all polysaccharides shifted from high molecular freight to low molecular weight polymer, the shifting degree of CBP and $HF_2$ was especially remarkable during softening. It is suggested that the severe softening phenomenon of persimmon involved the degradation and dissolution of wall bound-CBP and $HF_2$ which were associated with each other.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.87-95
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• 2002

It was observed that the hot water extract of the leaves of Capsicum annuum L., a Korean edible plant, had a potent anti-complementary activity. Crude polysaccharide fraction(CAL-0) was obtained by methanol reflux, ethanol precipitation, dialysis and lyophilization. CAL-0 contained 51.8% of total sugar, 8.2% of uronic acid and 16.8% of protein, and consisted of mainly arabinose, galactose and glucose as neutral sugars and galacturonic acid as uronic acid. The anti-complementary activity of CAL-0 decreased greatly by periodate oxidation, but was not changed by pronase treatment. Also, the anti-complementary activity of CAL-0 was reduced partially in the absence of the $Ca^{2+}$ ion. The crude polysaccharide CAL-0 was found to activate the C3 component both in the presence and in the absence of $Ca^{2+}$ through the crossed-immunoelectrophoresis suggesting that those involved in both classical and alternative complement pathway CAL-0 was further separated to an unabsorbed fraction(CAL-1) and six absorbed fractions(CAL-2longrightarrowCAL-7) on DEAE Sepharose CL-6B ion exchange column. Among them four major fractions in activity and yield were obtained, and consisted mainly of arabinose, galactose and glucose with various molar ratios. The major fraction, CAL-2, was purified to give a high molecular fraction(CAL-2-I) and a low molecular fraction(CAL-2-II) on Sepharose CL-6B column. The anti-complementary activity of CAL-2-I, a molecular weight of about 61,000, was higher than it of CAL-2-II.-II.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.35 no.11
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• pp.769-775
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• 2013

UV-induced transformations in the characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and the subsequent effects on the disinfection by-product formation potential (DBPFP) were investigated using the mixtures of the two humic substances with different sources, and two different size fractions of Suwannee River fulvic acid (SRFA). 7 day-photodegradation resulted in the decrease of specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA) of the mixtures as well as the specific DBPFP. After the irradiation, however, higher specific DBPFP values were consistently observed at the same range of the SUVA values. This suggests that non UV-absorbing components, generated by the UV-irradiation, may contribute to the formation of DBPs. Two different molecular size fractions of SRFA showed dissimilar responses to photodegradation. The behavior was also influenced by the types of the DBPs generated. Higher levels of trihalomethenes (THMs) were formed per organic carbon for the high molecular fraction compared to the low molecular fraction, whereas no differences were found in the formation of haloacetic acids (HAAs) between the two different size fractions. The formation of the two types of DBPs also differed by the irradiation times. Specific formation potential of THMs consistently increased upon the irradiation, whereas HAAs showed the initial increase followed by the decrease in their specific formation potential.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.177-186
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• 1986

This study was designed to evaluate the partially purified antigens which were fractionated from crude extract of Paragonimus westermani and to monitor the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in experimental cat paragonimiasis during the course of infection as well as before and after chemotherapy. Crude extract of 6-month-old adult P. westermani was fractionated to 5 antigens by successive applications of ammonium sulfate precipitation, ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration. And the cats, 10 in each group, were infected with 60, 30, 15, and 5 metacercariae, then the half of each group was treated with praziquantel 2 times in one day of 100mg per kilogram of weight on 150 days after the infection. Sera were collected every 10 days. ELISA was performed with the concentration of $2{\mu}g/ml$ antigen, 100 times diluted sera and 1,000 times diluted alkaline phosphatase conjugated anti-cat IgG. The results were as follows: 1. Absorbance by ELISA with proteins precipitated by differential concentration of ammonium sulfate was the highest at $51{\sim}65%$ precipitate (PA2), followed by $0{\sim}50%$ precipitate (PAl), $66{\sim}80%$ precipitate (PA3), and $81{\sim}90%$ precipitate (PA4). Unprecipitated protein over 90% ammonium sulfate (PA5) showed the lowest antigenicity. 2. Fractionation of PA1, PA2, and PA3 through the DEAE-cellulose column did not differentiate the antigenic proteins. 3. By passing through the Sephadex G-200 column, PA1 and PA2 were fractionated to high molecular weight proteins and those of low molecular weight which showed high absorbance by ELISA (PA1-I, II and PA2-I, II). But PA3 was shown to have a fraction of high molecular weight proteins (PA3-I) which showed high antigenicity. 4. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of PA1-I, P A1-II, PA2-I, PA2-II, PA3-I, and crude extract was performed. Fraction PA1-I was composed of proteins which had the molecular weight of 270 kilodaltons(KD) to 196 KD; of them 220KD protein was major band. Fraction PA2-I was composed of $255{\sim}225\;KD$, and PA3-I, $255{\sim}240\;KD$, respectively. Fraction PA1-II and fraction PA2-II consisted of 30 KD proteins. 5. Absorbance by ELISA began to increase within $10{\sim}20$ days after the infection and reached the highest on $140{\sim}180$ days, then made plateau thereafter. 6. Absorbance by ELISA decreased after praziquantel treatment. In 60 metacercariae infection group, the absorbance had been decreasing, but remained within the positive range during observation period, while those of 30, 15, and 5 metacercariae infection groups turned to negative range. 7. Fraction PA1-II showed the highest antigenicity in ELISA, then fraction PA2-I, fraction PA1-I, fraction PA2-II, fraction PA3-I and crude extract followed. In early phase of infection, the absorbance of fraction PA1-II showed more rapid increase than those of the other fractions and it came to positive range at $20{\sim}30$ days after infection.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.1300-1307
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• 1999

Supercritical fluid extraction was applied to recycling triglyceride from used shortening. Used shortening and its fractions were analyzed with high performance size exclusion chromatography for their composition in triglycerides, polymer and low molecular weight compounds. Conjugated diene value and color of the fractions were also measured with a UV spectrophotometer and a colorimeter, respectively. Pressure and temperature ranges employed were $15{\sim}30$ MPa and $40{\sim}60^{\circ}C$, respectively. Concentration of fat in supercritical (SC) $CO_2$ ranged from $0.3\;X\;10^{-3}{\sim}7.4\;X10^{-3}(g\;fat/g\;CO_2)$. An exponential relation between concentration of fat in SC $CO_2$ and density was observed. Color of the extracts was light yellow which was very close to that of the fresh shortening. Low molecular weight compounds were preferentially concentrated in the initial fraction, while polymer was extracted in the final fraction. Conjugated diene value of the initial fractions was clearly lower than that of feed. It increased sharply as the polymer content in the fraction became significantly large.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.355-362
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• 2010

In this study, the anticoagulant compounds in Korean red ginseng (KRG) were investigated. KRG powder was extracted using hot methanol, and the methanol extract was fractionated into n-hexane, ethylacetate, n-butanol, and aqueous fractions by solvent partitioning. The remains from the methanol extraction were further extracted with water and then dialyzed to obtain low and high molecular weight fractions. The anticoagulant activities of the seven fractions were evaluated in terms of thrombin time, prothrombin time, and activated partial thromboplastin time. Among these fractions, the ethylacetate fraction showed the most potent anticoagulant activity. The active components in the ethylacetate fraction were identified as the phenolic compounds vanillic, caffeic, ferulic, and p-coumaric acid via TLC and HPLC. These findings suggest that the anticoagulant activities of phenolic compounds contribute to the cardiovascular effects of KRG.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.438-442
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• 2012

To prepare calcium-binding peptides as calcium supplement, barley proteins were hydrolyzed using Flavourzyme for 18 h and the hydrolysates were ultra-filtered under 3 kDa as a molecular weight. The resultant filtered peptides were fractionated using ion exchange and normal-phase high performance liquid chromatography. Then each fraction that was obtained was determined for its calcium-binding activity to isolate the calcium-binding peptides. As a result, the highest calcium-binding peptide fraction was obtained, and the results suggest that barley protein hydrolysates can be used as a calcium supplement.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.73-84
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• 1992

It was observed that the hot-water extract of the bark of Kalopanax pictus N. had the highest anti-complementary activity among the 11 kinds of forest materials. Methanol-and ethanol-soluble portions had low anti-complementary activities, but crude polysaccharide. HKP-0 had a high activity of 80%. HKP-0 contained 54.8% of total sugar and 27.9% of protein. The neutral sugars of HKP-0 consisted of mainly arabinose, galactose and glucose. HKP-4 fraction obtained by cetavlon treatment of HKP-0 showed the highest anti-complementary activity of 90%. The activity was not changed by pronase digestion bu decreased greatly by periodate oxidation. HKP-4 consisted of mainly arabinose and glucose with molar ratio of 1.0 : 22.4, HKP-4-I, an unabsorbed fraction from HKP-4 on DEAE Sepharose CL-6B column showed higher yield and activity than those of absorbed fractions. HKP-4-I was homogeneous, and its molecular weight was about 25,000. HKP-4-I contained 84.0% of neutral sugar and consisted of arabinose and glucose with molar ratio of 1.0 : 11.2. The anti-complementary activity of HKP-4-I was not decreased by the treatment of polymyxin B, and the polysaccharide activated both classical and alternative pathway in complement system. Void volume fraction obtained from HKP-4-I hydrolyzed with ${\alpha}$-amylase on Sephadex G-25 column only had a high anti-complementary activity.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.203-212
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• 1988

To find antitumor components from the higher fungi of Korea, the mycelia of Favolus alveolarius (Fr.) Quelet were cultured in a liquid medium. The cultured mycelia were extracted with hot water twice, and a high molecular weight fraction was obtained by adding two volumes of ethanol to the extract. Two grams of Fraction A were obtained by dialyzing it. It was further separated into four fractions by gel filtration with Sepharose CL-4B, and they were designated Fractions B, C, D, and E. The results of the antitumor test showed that Fractions A, B, C, D and E had tumor inhibition ratios of 92.3, 78.5, 59.6, 77.4 and 62.2%, respectively. Anthrone test was carried out to determine the contents of total polysaccharide of the five fractions, and they had 46.3, 27.3, 65.3, 64.6, and 46.1%, respectively. The contents of the total protein of the five fractions were 29.4, 13.9, 14.3, 14.3, and 29.1%, respectively. Monosaccharide subunits of each fraction were analyzed with gas chromatography, and glucose, xylose, mannose, galactose and fucose were identified. Fraction A was examined for immunological effects. It increased the count of hemolytic plaque forming cells 12.8 times to that of the control group, and the population of macrophage in peritoneal cavity 3.2 times to that of the control group.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.133-140
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to provide response methods to minimize the damage from chemical terrorism in a naturally ventilated indoor system using several types of dispersion simulations. Three chemical warfare agents such as sarin(GB), phosgene and chlorine gas which have high potential to be used in terror or to be involved with accidents were selected in this simulation. Fire dynamic simulation based on Large Eddy Simulation which is effective because of less computational effort and detailed expression of the dispersion flow was adopted to describe the dispersion behavior of these agents. When the vent speed is 0.005m/s, the heights of 0.1 agent mass fraction are 0.9m for sarin, 1.0m for phosgene and 1.1m for chlorine gas, and the maximum mass fraction are 0.27 for all three agents. However, when the vent speed is increased to 0.05m/s, the heights of 0.1 agent mass fraction become 1.6m for all three agents and maximum mass fraction inside the room increase to 0.70 for sarin, 0.58 for phosgene and 0.53 for chlorine gas. It is shown that molecular weight of the agents has an important role for dispersion, and it is important to install ventilation system with height less than 1.6m to minimize the damage from chemical toxicity.