• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.68-77
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• 1999

The paper looked into the effects of the spectral properties (waveform) of the high intensity focused ultrasound on suppression of the ultrasonic cavitation. Three different types of ultrasound were considered in the study, which were sinusoidal (1 MHz, 5 MPa), frequency modulated (from 1 MHz to 6 MHz for 10 ㎲, 5 MPa), asymmetrically shocked (fundamental frequency 1 MHz, peak positive pressure 12 MPa, peak negative pressure -4 MPa). The temporal response of an air bubble in water initially 1 ㎛ in radius to each type of the ultrasound was predicted using Gilmore bubble dynamic model and Church's rectified gas diffusion equation. It was shown that the radially pulsating amplitude of the bubble was greatly reduced for the frequency modulated wave and was little decreased for the shock wave, compared to the case that the bubble was exposed to the sinusoidal wave. It is interesting that the bubble response to the frequency modulated wave remains similar when the frequency component of the modulated ultrasound is beyond the bubble resonant frequency 3 MHz. This implies that, although the ultrasound is modulated up to 3MHz rather than up to the present 6 MHz, it is likely to produce similar cavitation suppression effects. In practice, it means that a typical narrow band ultrasonic transducer can be taken to generate an appropriate frequency modulated ultrasound to reduce cavitation activity. The present study indicates that ultrasonic cavitation may be suppressed to some extent by a proper spectral modification of high intensity ultrasound.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.412-417
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• 2006

Triamcinolone acetonide (TA) is a corticosteroid that is used in the systemic and topical treatment of many inflammatory diseases. In this study, a phonophoretic drug delivery system was designed to enhance the TA permeability and the influence of ultrasound was examined. In order to establish the transdermal delivery system for TA, a hydrophilic carbopol gel containing TA was prepared after adopting phonophoresis. A permeation study through mouse skin was performed at $37^{\circ}C$ using a Franz diffusion cell, and the ultrasound treatment was carried out for 10 h. The level of TA permeation through the skin was evaluated under various ultrasound conditions including the frequency (1.0, 3.0 MHz), intensity (1.0, $2.5W/cm^2 $), and duty cycle (continuous, pulse mode) using a 0.5% TA gel. The highest permeation was observed under the ultrasound treatment conditions of low frequency, high intensity, and in continuous mode.

• Proceedings of the Polymer Society of Korea Conference
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• 2006.10a
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• pp.369-369
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• 2006

Compatibilizers contribute to many processes in polymer industry, such as manufacturing polymer blends and composites. They are usually designed to be block or graft form which is combined in polar and non-polar parts in the first synthesis process level, for example, the general form of maleic anhydride (MA) as a compatiblizer is a grafted counterpart. However, the process of making the compatibilizer is related to the first synthesis level and it has some problems, such as high cost, poor processability, limitation on use and properties, and so on. So, in order to improve its poor processability and overcome the limitation on use, we developed compatibilizers which have various chemical forms by high intensity ultrasound and super critical fluid nitrogen in polymer melt reactive extrusion.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.139-149
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• 2001

We found out that there exists threshold dose for the decreased platelet count when we apply change of the platelet count to the defense of the ultrasound experiment. Those diminution is definite effects from the defense of the ultrasound. The number of the platelet count is decreased when we are exposed to ultrasound simultaneously. This should not be occurred. It is easy to use the number of the platelet count in the measurement of the biological dosage and intensity in high dosage relatively due to definite quantative relationship. The biological index to understand synergic effects. which are present when two harmful environmental factors are operating at the same time is functionally assending and antagonistic. There are scattered many factors as physical, Chemical, or physiochemically elements which are harmful to human body in the environment in consideration of ultrasound and the other factors. This experiment is demonstrating that we can use the change of the platelet as an index representing synergic effects of ultrasound.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.467-475
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• 2019

A high-intensity ultrasound wave generates acoustic streaming and acoustic radiation forces when propagating through a medium. An acoustic radiation force generated in a three-dimensional space can produce a solid tactile sensation, delivering spatial information directly to the human skin. We placed 154 ultrasound transmit elements with a frequency of 40 kHz on a concave circular dish, and generated an acoustic radiation force at the focal point by transmitting the ultrasound wave. To feel the tactile sensation better, the transmit elements were excited by sine waves whose amplitude was modulated by a 60 Hz square wave. As an application of ultrasonic tactile sensing, a region where tactile sense is formed in the air is used as an indicator for the position of the hand. We confirmed the utility of ultrasonic tactile feedback by implementing a system that provides the number of fingers to a machine by receiving the shape of the hand at the focal point where the tactile sense is detected.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.33-40
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of High-Voltage Pulsed Current (HVPC) and ultrasound on adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats. Adjuvant arthritis was induced in female Sprauge-Dawley rats by the subcutaneous injection of a single dose of $.1m{\ell}$ of Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) (1 mg of Mycobacterium Butyricum suspended in $.1m{\ell}$ paraffin oil) into the right hind paw. A randomized, parallel-groups design of 24 subjects was used. All rats were randomly assigned to control (n=8), ultrasound (n=8), and HVPC (n=8) were compared with those of injured rats. The rats in the pulsed ultrasound group were treated at 1 MHz frequency with $.5W/cm^2$ intensity in 1:4 mode for 5 minutes per day. The rats in the HVPC group were treated at 120 pulses per second and $50{\mu}s$ phase duration, 20 mA intensity for 30 min per day. Treatment was done in the left and right hind limb for 2 weeks. We evaluated clinical, radiographic, hematologic and histopathologic findings before and after treatment and obtained the following results. 1. Edema of the right hind paw was more significantly reduced in the ultrasound and HVPC groups than the control group on days 9, 12, and 14 (p<.05). Edema of the left hind paw was more significantly reduced in ultrasound and HVPC groups than the control group on days 12, 14 (p<.05). 2. WBC counts of the ultrasound and HVPC groups as compared with the control group were becoming remarkably decreased after the treatment. 3. In radiologic findings, arthritis formation was seen according to the score of arthritis, which was the highest in the control group, upon the observation of radiographs of the left and right hind paws. However, no statistically significant difference was present in the score within three groups. 4. In the histopathologic findings, ultrasound and HVPC groups had effectively suppressed erosions of articular cartilage and inflammatory cell infiltrations. Therefore, the results of the study show that rats that were treated with the ultrasound and HVPC effectively suppressed adjuvant arthritis. However, no statistically significant difference was present between the ultrasound group and the HVPC group.

• Proceedings of the KSMRM Conference
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.59-59
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• 2006

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.452-465
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• 2016

In this study, the structure of a concave annular array transducer was optimized to generate high intensity focused ultrasound for medical therapeutic application. The transducer has a phased array structure composed of several concentric channels that have 40 mm as the radius of curvature. We derived theoretical equations to analyze the sound field of the transducer and verified the validity of the equations by comparing the results calculated by the equations with those from finite element analyses. We also checked the possibility of dynamic focusing at around the geometric focal point. Further, the level of a grating lobe occurring at an unwanted position in the transducer sound field was confirmed to be reducible through the relation between the number of channels and the frequency of the transducer. Hence, the structure of the transducer was optimized to place the main lobe within a specific range from the zenith while systematically reducing the level of the maximum sidelobe including the grating lobe. The designed structure showed the performance better than that targeted at all the focal points.

• Medical Lasers
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.59-63
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• 2019

Background and Objectives High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) has been developed as an effective, non-invasive, skin-tightening method in response to the increasing demand for improvements in skin laxity and tightening with minimal risk and recovery time. This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of HIFU for non-invasive skin tightening of crow's feet wrinkles, with the aim of determining how long the tightening can be maintained. Materials and Methods Between January and March 2019, 21 female patients with crow's feet wrinkles were treated with HIFU. The treatment involved 200 shots, three times every 2 weeks. Three blinded, experienced plastic surgeons and patients evaluated satisfaction at 2 weeks after the first procedure, 2 weeks after the second procedure, 2 weeks after the third procedure, and 6 weeks after the first procedure based on photographs according to the Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale (GAIS). The Friedman test was used to compare data. Results Of the 21 patients treated using HIFU, one was lost to follow-up for nonstudy-related reasons. Therefore, 20 patients were evaluated and ranged in age from 28 to 48 years. Plastic surgeons' GAIS scores were 2.6, 2.3, 1.7, and 1.3 and patients' GAIS scores were 2.6, 2.2, 1.8, and 1.4 at 2 weeks after the first procedure, 2 weeks after the second procedure, 2 weeks after the third procedure, and 6 weeks after the third procedure. No serious adverse effects were observed. Conclusion The aging face with crow's feet wrinkles can be improved by using HIFU, while minimizing epidermal and dermal injury.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.151-161
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• 2021

Purpose : This study was to investigate the effectiveness of ESWT and plantar fascia-specific stretching exercise vs ESWT and high-load strengthening exercise in patients with chronic plantar fasciitis. Methods : The subjects were randomized to extracorporeal shock wave therapy ( ESWT, for 3 weeks) and daily plantar-specific stretching (Group I: Stretch group) or ESWT and high-load progressive strength (Group II: Strength group) performed every second day. The main outcome measures were ultrasound, visual analogue scale (VAS), and Korean Foot Function Index (KFFI). The ultrasound (plantar fascia thickness), pain intensity I, II (the most painful of the day?, the pain when you first step in the morning?) and KFFI (functional performance) were compared between the groups. Results : No significant difference was observed between the groups in the plantar fascia thickness but pain intensity I, II was significantly lower in Group 2 than in Group 1 at only 12weeks and functional performance was also significantly increased in Group 2 compared to Group 1 at only 12 weeks. Conclusion : The high-load strengthening exercise consisting of the progressive exercise protocol, resulted in superior after 12 weeks compared with plantar-specific stretching. High-load strength exercise may aid in a quicker reduction in pain and improvements in functional performance.