• Journal of Life Science
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• v.32 no.7
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• pp.532-541
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• 2022

Obesity induced by high-fat diet (HFD) is verified as a strong risk factor and negative prognostic factor for prostate cancer in several genetically engineered mice although it was not examined in the normal mice. To investigate whether HFD-induced obesity can affect the development and progression of cancer in the prostate of normal mice, alterations in the weight and histological structure of the prostate as well as the expression of cancer-related proteins were analyzed in obese C57BL/6N mice fed with 60% HFD for 16 weeks. First, HFD-induced obesity, including an increase in organ weight, body weight, fat accumulation, and serum lipid profile, was successfully induced in C57BL/6N mice after HFD treatment. The total weight of the prostate significantly increased HFD-induced obesity in the model mice compared with the control group. Among the four lobes of the prostate, the weight of the ventral prostate (VP) and anterior prostate (AP) were higher in HFD-induced obesity model mice than in the control group, although the weights of the lateral prostate (DLP) and seminal vesicle (SV) were constantly maintained. In addition, the incidences of hyperplasia and non-hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) in the histological structure were remarkably increased in HFD-induced obesity model mice, while the epithelial thickness was higher in the same group. A significant increase in the phosphorylation levels of key proteins in the AKT (protein kinase B) signaling pathway was detected in HFD-induced obesity model mice. Therefore, these results suggest that HFD-induced obesity can promote hyperplasia and NHL in the prostates of C57BL/6N mice through the activation of the AKT signaling pathway.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.798-806
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• 2021

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Obesity is associated with chronic inflammation. The spleen is the largest organ of the lymphatic system and has an important role in immunity. Obesity-induced inflammatory responses are triggered by Toll-like receptor (TLR)-myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) pathway signaling. Phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) and 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM), major dietary glucosinolates present in cruciferous vegetables, have been reported to produce anti-inflammatory effects on various diseases. However, the effects of PEITC and DIM on the obesity-induced inflammatory response in the spleen are unclear. The purpose of this study was to examine the anti-inflammatory effects of PEITC and DIM on the spleen and their mechanism in high fat/cholesterol diet (HFCD)-fed C57BL/6 mice. MATERIALS/METHODS: We established an animal model of HFCD-induced obesity using C57BL/6 mice. The mice were divided into six groups: normal diet with AIN-93G diet (CON), high fat diet (60% calories from fat) with 1% cholesterol (HFCD), HFCD with PEITC 30 mg/kg/day or 75 mg/kg/day (HFCD+P30, HFCD+P75), and HFCD with DIM 1.5 mg/kg/day or 7.5 mg/kg/day (HFCD+D1.5, HFCD+D7.5). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to evaluate pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion. Western blot and quantitative polymerase chain reaction were used to analyze protein and mRNA levels of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) p65, interleukin 6 (IL-6), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), TLR2, TLR4, and MyD88 in spleen tissue. RESULTS: Serum IL-6 levels were significantly higher in the HFCD group than in groups fed a HFCD with PEITC or DIM. Levels of NF-κB p65 protein and TLR2/4, MyD88, NF-κB p65, IL-6, and COX-2 mRNA were significantly higher in the HFCD group than in the CON group and were reduced by the PEITC and DIM supplements. CONCLUSIONS: PEITC- and DIM-supplemented diets improved splenic inflammation by modulating the TLR2/4-MyD88 pathway in HFCD-fed mice. We suggest that dietary glucosinolates may at least partially improve obesity-induced inflammation of the spleen.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.224-230
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate anti-oxidative and inflammatory inhibition effects of green tea and dietary fiber mixture on liver of high fat diet-induced obese rats. 21 male rats were divided into 3 dietary groups and control group (A), high fat diet-induced group (B), and high fat (HF) diet-induced + EQ diet-$S^{(R)}$ diet group (C). Immunoblotting and RT-PCR analysis revealed protein expression, and anti-oxidant analysis revealed MDA (malondialdehyde), GSH (glutathione), and free DPPH radical. As a results, Body weight and food consumption were not significantly different between groups. The levels of MDA and GSH were lower in HF + $EQS^{(R)}$ group than in HF group. Also, the $EQS^{(R)}$ demonstrated to be more effective than HF group for a DPPH radicals scavenging activities. In addition, protein and mRNA level of TNF-$\alpha$ in HF + $EQS^{(R)}$ group showed relatively more potent pro-inflammatory activity inhibition compared to HF group. These results suggest that green tea mixture (EQ diet-$S^{(R)}$) provide positive effects on anti-oxidative and inflammatory inhibition effects on obese animal model or obesity related diseases.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.543-551
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• 2017

Purpose: The objective of the present study was to determine whether fermentation can increase the protective effects of blueberry liquid in a high-fat diet-induced obese mice model. Methods: Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat diet (HD, 60% fat, w/w,), HD supplemented with 10 ml/kg BW/day of blueberry liquid (BHD, blueberry high-fat diet), or HD supplemented with 10 ml/kg BW/day of fermented blueberry liquid (FBHD, fermented blueberry high-fat diet) for 10 weeks. Results: There were significant decreases in the body, epididymal adipose tissue, and liver weights of blueberry-fed groups compared to HD, whereas there were no significant differences in food intake among the groups. Furthermore, blueberry liquid groups, especially fermented blueberry liquid, significantly attenuated the contents of hepatic triglycerides and total cholesterol induced by HD. Serum LDL-cholesterol was significantly lower in the BHD and FBHD-fed groups, whereas FBHD significantly increased the serum HDL-cholesterol level compared to the control. Concentrations of aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, and leptins in serum were also reduced by blueberry liquid supplementation. The mRNA expression of hepatic acetyl CoA carboxylase was significantly reduced in both the BHD and FBHD groups compared to HD. Furthermore, FBHD altered the mRNA expression level of hepatic lipolysis genes. Conclusion: In conclusion, these results suggest that blueberry, especially fermented blueberry liquid, may improve obesity-related abnormalities.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.58-67
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• 2018

This study aimed to identify the effects of extracts of fermented Angelica gigas Nakai (A. gigas) with a Monascus purpureus strain on anti-obesity in a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity rat model. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into seven dietary groups (n=8 per group), as follows: a normal diet group (N) and six HFD groups (C: control, HFD and no treatment; AG: HFD +10% A. gigas extracts; FAG2.5: HFD +2.5% fermented A. gigas extracts; FAG5: HFD +5% fermented A. gigas extracts; FAG10: HFD +10% fermented A. gigas extracts; GC: HFD + Garcinia cambogia extracts). FAG-fed rats exhibited effectively lowered rates of increasing body weight and visceral fat accumulation in the HFD-induced obesity model. The activities of several hepatic marker enzymes, including aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), were increased with HFD-induced obesity, but levels of these marker enzymes were significantly decreased in FAG-fed rats. The consumption of FAG reduced triglyceride concentrations in serum to normal levels. FAG-fed rats showed effectively increased leptin concentrations in the HFD-induced obesity model. HFD ingestion induced a significant increase in the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels, which was decreased in FAG-fed rats. Hematoxylin and eosin staining and Oil Red O staining of the liver showed that the lipid deposits were decreased via FAG feeding. Moreover, hematoxylin and eosin staining of epididymal adipose adipose tissue showed that the adipocyte were decreased by feeding FAG.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.1-8
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• 2022

Objectives This study is to investigate the effects and mechanisms of Gastrodia elata extract (GEE) on the high-fat diet-induced obesity model. Methods C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned into 5 groups (n=10). Control group was fed normal diet (ND). Obesity group was fed 60% high fat diet (HFD). The other three groups were fed HFD with 100, 200, 500 mg/kg GEE. After five weeks, body weight, liver and epididymal fat weight, triglyceride concentration in liver and serum, sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (SREBP-1), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), fatty acid synthase, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor 𝛾 (PPAR-𝛾), CCAAT/enhancer binding protein 𝛼 (C/EBP-𝛼) expression level, insulin concentration in serum were measured. Results The GEE (100, 200, and 500 mg/kg)-treated animals exhibited substantial decreases in body mass, liver weight and epididymal white adipose tissue collate to the HFD-fed group. GEE treatment also reduced hepatic and serum triglyceride level. Furthermore, GEE treatment significantly inhibited adipogenesis in the GEE group by reducing the protein expression of SREBP-1, ACC and the messenger RNA expression of PPAR𝛾, C/EBP-𝛼, which are adipocyte differentiation-related genes. Conclusions These research outcomes recommend that GEE is possibly valuable for the prevention of HFD-induced obesity via modification of various pathways related with adipogenesis and adipocyte differentiation.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.5-16
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• 2005

The herb of Allium victorialis var. platyphyllum (Liliaceae) has been used as an edible wild herb and to treat heart failure and gastritis. We have already reported antihyperlipidemic anti-tumor effects of this plant. To enlarge the commercial availability of this food, it was investigated whether the extracts of A. victorialis var.platyphyllum reduce hyperlipidemia and obesity or not. The plants tested in this experiment were collected from two eco-types of IS. Ullung and Mt. Odae cultivated at Pyongchang. Extracts were prepared by extracting the fresh leaves and those dried at $36^{\circ}C$ and $90^{\circ}C$, respectively. Pretreatment with the ethanolic extracts for two weeks (p.o.) reduced serum triglyceride-, total cholesterol- and LDL-cholesterol contents in rats induced by Triton WR-1339, respectively. Furthermore, oral administration of the extracts also inhibited the hyperlipidemia induced with oral diet of 30% corn oil. In the other attempt to find to alleviate the obesity, the model rats with obesity were induced by the high fat-diet for six weeks. Post-treatment with the extracts for two weeks significantly reduced the hyperlipidemia. Retroperitoneal-, epidymal- and total abdominal fat pad weights were considerably reduced at 100 mg/kg oral administration of the extracts. Increased feces lipid contents were also found in the rat treated with the extracts. The extract of Mt. Odae eco-type showed more potent activity than that of Is. Ullung one. These results suggest that use of the fresh leaves may lead to the higher activity in treatment of hyperlipidemia and obesity than of the dried one.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.8
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• pp.1148-1157
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• 2014

Rice bran (RB), a by-product obtained during polishing of un-milled rice, contains a large quantity of essential nutrients such as minerals, vitamins, fiber, amino acids, and antioxidants. In this study, the anti-obesity effects of stabilized RB addition as a food material in a diet-induced obese animal model were investigated. For the analysis, a total of 32 mice were randomly divided into four groups: normal diet group (ND, n=8), high-fat diet group (HFD, n=8), 20% RB added high fat diet group (HFRB20, n=8), and 40% RB added high fat diet group (HFRB40, n=8). The animals were sacrificed after 7 weeks. Body weight gain, various adipose tissue weights, blood glucose concentration, and serum leptin level of the HFRB40 group were found to be significantly lower than those of the HFD group. Moreover, antioxidant enzyme activity of the HFRB40 group was significantly higher than that of the HFD group. However, the HFRB20 group did not show significantly different values. The results of this study show that RB (40%) addition reduces body weight gain and improves obesity-related parameters. These results suggest RB could be considered as a functional additive material for the manufacture of anti-obesity products, and 40% RB addition would be the physiologically effective level.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.315-325
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to investigate the changes in lipid proton (LP) composition according to the induced obese fatty liver and to use it as basic data for treatment and diagnosis of fatty liver in the future. The phantom study was conducted to identify differences between STEAM and PRESS Pulse sequences in LP concentration. A high-fat diet (60%) was administered to eight Sprague-Dawley rats to induce obesity and fatty liver disease. Baseline magnetic resonance imaging /spectroscopy data were obtained prior to the introduction of high-fat diet, and data acquisition experiments were performed after eight weeks using procedures identical to those used for baseline studies. The six lipid proton metabolites were calculated using LCModel software. The correlation between the fat percentage and each LP, revealed that the methylene protons at 1.3 ppm showed the highest positive correlation. The α-methylene protons to carboxyl and diallylic protons showed negative correlation with fat percentage. The methylene proton showed the highest increase in the LP; however, it constituted only 71.86% of the total LP concentration. The methylene proton plays a leading role in fat accumulation in liver parenchyma.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.65-75
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• 2022

Hypothalamus is a brain region that controls food intake and energy expenditure while sensing signals that convey information about energy status. Within the hypothalamus, molecularly and functionally distinct neurons work in concert under physiological conditions. However, under pathological conditions such as in diet-induced obesity (DIO) model, these neurons show dysfunctional firing patterns and distorted regulation by neurotransmitters and neurohormones. Concurrently, resident glial cells including astrocytes dramatically transform into reactive states. In particular, it has been reported that reactive astrogliosis is observed in the hypothalamus, along with various neuroinflammatory signals. However, how the reactive astrocytes control and modulate DIO by influencing neighboring neurons is not well understood. Recently, new lines of evidence have emerged indicating that these reactive astrocytes directly contribute to the pathology of obesity by synthesizing and tonically releasing the major inhibitory transmitter GABA. The released GABA strongly inhibits the neighboring neurons that control energy expenditure. These surprising findings shed light on the interplay between reactive astrocytes and neighboring neurons in the hypothalamus. This review summarizes recent discoveries related to the functions of hypothalamic reactive astrocytes in obesity and raises new potential therapeutic targets against obesity.