• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.363-370
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• 2009

Hot air heater with light oil combustion is used as the most common heater for greenhouse heating in the winter season. Hot air heaters of 256,246 units have been supplied as main greenhouse heating equipment until 2008 and greenhouse heating cost has reached to 620 billions won in Korea. In order to improve the thermal efficiency of the hot air heater and to reduce the expenses for greenhouse heating, prototype hot air heater was manufactured and tested in this experiment. The heat exchanger of tested prototype hot air heater was circular and hexagonal pipe type and inline and stagger arrangement type. Capacity of the heating was 43,062 kJ/h and total heat transfer area of the heat exchanger was $10.728\;m^2$. According to the performance test, it could supply heat of 38,240 to 35,100 kJ/h depending on the fan motor speed of 1,740~1,220 rpm, respectively. Thermal efficiency of hot air heater was 87.0% to 80.8% in the same conditions. As a result, thermal efficiency of hot air heater with hexagonal pipe-stagger arrangement heat exchanger developed in this study was higher 10.2% than that of conventional hot air heater and heating energy saving rate of 14.3% increased.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제20권9호
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• pp.2770-2781
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• 1996

Longitudinal shear modulus of continuous fiber reinforced 2-phase composites is predicted by theoretical and numerical analysis methods. In this paper, circular, hexagonal and rectangular shapes of reinforced fiber are considered using unit cell concept. And fiber array is regular rectangular and hexagonal fiber arrangement. Longitudinal shear modulus is a function of fiber distribution pattern and fiber volume change. It is found that the rectangular array has a higher longitudinal shear modulus than the hexagonal one. Also, the rectangular fiber shape in lower fiber volume fraction and the circular fiber shape in higher fiber volume fraction show the higher longitudinal shear modulus. And it has been found that the theoretical and numerical predictions of the longitudinal shear modulus give a good agreement with the experimental data at lower fiber volume fraction. Both the distance and stress transfer between the fibers are discussed as the major determing factors.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제31권9호
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• pp.989-994
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• 1994

This study aims at finding the closest packings of regular shape particles such as sphere, circle rod and hexagonal rod type. As the ratio of particle size to container lowered to less than 1/10, the wall effect decreased gradually. The tap density of spherical particles with almost orthorhombic arrangement was 59.5%, while those of circle rod and hexagonal rod type particles were 63.5% and 63.0% respectively. And it was decreased with increasing the aspect ratio of regular particles. The tap density of binary mixtures was larger than that corresponding to the monosized particles packing by about 15%. The tap density of ternary mixtures was larger than that of corresponding to the packing of binary mixtures by about 9%. This work employed the binary mixture of 60% coarse particles and 40% fine particles with size ratio of 1.0 to 1/10 and the ternary mixture of 60% coarse particles, 20% medium and 20% fine particles with size ratio of 1:1/10:1/400 respectively.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제42권5호
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• pp.304-307
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• 2005

The possible configurations of hydroxyl group in hexagonal hydroxyapatite were identified through molecular orbital calculation. The molecular orbital interaction between O and H in hydroxyl column was analyzed using charge variation and Bond Overlap Population (BOP). We supposed 5 kinds of O-H bond configurations as cluster types of I, II, III, IV, and V. Mulliken's population analysis was applied to evaluate ionic charges of O, H, P, and Ca ions, and BOPs (Bond Overlap Populations) in order to discuss the bond strength change by the atomic arrangement. The stability of each O-H bond configuration was analyzed using bond overlap and ionic charge.

• 대한시과학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.561-568
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• 2018

목적 : 각막실질 내 다발 구조로 이루어진 콜라겐섬유의 크기와 규칙적인 배열은 투명성과 매우 밀접한 상관성을 가지고 있다. 시뮬레이션을 이용하여 배열구조 및 콜라겐섬유층 두께에 따른 광투과율의 변화를 확인하고자 하였다. 방법 : 시뮬레이션 소프트웨어인 OptiFDTD로 각막실질 내 콜라겐섬유를 정육각형, 육각형, 사각형 및 자유형으로 각각 배열하였고 이에 따른 광투과율을 분석하였다. 사각형 배열에 대하여 시뮬레이션 공간상에 있는 콜라겐섬유의 개수가 동일할 때 밀도변화에 따른 광투과율을 확인하고 콜라겐섬유의 개수와 밀도가 변화할 때 광투과율을 조사하였다. 결과 : 콜라겐섬유의 개수가 동일할 때 사각형, 정육각형, 자유형 및 육각형의 배열구조 순서로 밀도가 작아지고, 섬유층의 두께가 두꺼워진다. 배열구조를 변화시켜 광투과율을 측정한 결과 동일한 위치의 검출기에서 측정된 광투과율은 배열구조에 관계없이 거의 유사하였다. 검출기 D0, D1, D2 및 D3에서 각각 사각형, 육각형과 사각형, 정육각형 및 정육각형 배열구조에서 최대투과율로 나타났으며, 육각형, 자유형, 육각형과 사각형 및 사각형 배열구조에서 최소 투과율로 나타났다. 하지만, 최대 투과율과 최소 투과율의 차이는 1% 이내로 거의 유사하였다. 콜라겐섬유의 개수가 동일할 때 사각형 배열구조에서 밀도변화에 따른 광투과율은 섬유층 두께가 증가할수록 광투과율은 감소하였다. 또한, 두께가 증가하면서 콜라겐섬유의 개수가 감소하였을 때 광투과율이 더 많이 감소하였다. 결론 : 콜라겐 배열구조가 변화하여도 광투과율은 배열구조와 관계없이 거의 유사하게 나타났다. 하지만, 배열구조의 변화에 따라 콜라겐섬유층의 두께가 변화하였고, 두께가 증가할수록 광투과율이 감소하였다. 즉, 광투과율은 배열구조보다는 콜라겐섬유층의 두께와 더 밀접한 관계를 가지고 있음을 확인하였다.

• 한국결정성장학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.149-153
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• 2021

ε-Ga₂O₃ 박막은 금속 유기 화학 기상 증착법(MOCVD)에 의해 4H-SiC 기판에 성장되었으며, 결정성은 성장 조건에 따라 평가되었다. ε-Ga₂O₃의 최적 조건은 665℃의 성장 온도와 200 sccm의 산소 유량에서 성장한 것으로 나타났다. hexagonal 핵이 합쳐지면서 2차원으로 성장되었고, hexagonal 핵의 배열 방향은 기판의 결정 방향과 밀접한 관련이 있었다. 그러나 ε-Ga₂O₃의 결정 구조는 hexagonal이 아닌 orthorhombic 구조를 가짐을 확인하였다. 결정상 전이는 열처리에 의해 수행되었다. 그리고 상 전이된 β-Ga₂O₃ 박막과 비교하기 위해 4H-SiC에서 β-Ga₂O₃ 박막을 바로 성장하였다. 상 전이된 β-Ga₂O₃ 박막은 바로 성장한 것보다 더 나은 결정성을 보여주었다.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2016년도 제50회 동계 정기학술대회 초록집
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• pp.366-366
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• 2016

Nanoscale observation of attachment systems of animals has revealed various exquisite multiscale architectures for essential functions such as gecko's locomotion, beetles' wing fixation, octopuses' sucking and crawling. In particular, the hierarchical 3-dimensional hexanonal nano-architectures in the tree frog's adhesion is known to have the capability of the enhancement of adhesion forces on the wet or rough surfaces due to the conformal contacts against rough surfaces and water-drainable micro channels. Here, we report that tree frog-inspired patches using unique artificial 3-dimensional hexagonal structures can be exploited to form reversibly enhanced adhesion against various highly curved and rough surfaces in dry and wet condition. To investigate the adhesion effect of micro-channels, we changed the arrangement of microstructure and spacing gaps between micro-channels. In addition, we introduced the 3-dimensional hexagonal hierarchical architectures to artificial patches to enhance to conformal contacts on the various rough surfaces such as skin and organs. Using the robust adhesion properties, we demonstrated the self-drainable and comfortable skin-attachable devices which can measure EKG (electrokardiogramme) for in-vitro diagnostics. As a result, bio-inspired programmable nano-architectures can be applied in versatile devices such as, medical patches, skin-attachable electronics etc., which would shed light on future smart, directional and reversible adhesion systems.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2001년도 춘계학술대회논문집D
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• pp.489-496
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• 2001

Two perforated plates are used to investigate local heat/mass transfer characteristics in an impingement/effusion cooling system. A naphthalene sublimation method is conducted to determine the local heat/mass transfer coefficients on the upward facing surface of the effusion plate. The two plates are placed in parallel position with gap distances of 1, 2, 4 and 6 times of effusion hole diameter. The effects of hole arrangements of the plates are studied for staggered, square, and hexagonal arrays. The experiments are conducted at Reynolds number of 10,000 based on the effusion hole diameter. The results show that the smaller hole size in the staggered array has the higher transfer coefficients on the stagnation region due to the formation of higher momentum flows through the impingement holes. In the square array, heat/mass transfer on the target plate is more uniform as the number of impingement holes increases. High and uniform heat/mass transfer coefficients are obtained in the hexagonal array.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.101-109
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• 2002

Two perforated plates are used to investigate local heat/mass transfer characteristics in an impingement/effusion cooling system. A naphthalene sublimation method is conducted to determine the local heat/mass transfer coefficients on the upward facing surface of the effusion plate. Two plates are placed in parallel position with gap distances of 1, 2, 4 and 6 times of effusion hole diameter. The effects of hole arrangements of the plates are studied fur staggered, square, and hexagonal arrays. The experiments are conducted at Reynolds number of 10,000 based on the effusion hole diameter. The results show that the smaller hole size in the staggered array has the higher transfer coefficients on the stagnation region due to the formation of higher momentum flows through the impingement holes. In the square array, heat/mass transfer on the target plate is more uniform as the number of impingement holes increases. High and uniform heat/mass transfer coefficients are obtained for the hexagonal array.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제31권9호
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• pp.2565-2570
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• 2010

The orthorhombic $MgB_2C_2$ structure contains well-separated parallel graphite-like $B_2C_2^{2-}$ layers which extend infinitely in two dimensions. Three possible ways to distribute B and C atoms in the hexagonal sublattice sites are adopted. Band structures for the hypothetical distribution patterns are examined to assess the electronic stability of these phases and to account for the observed arrangement by means of extended Huckel tight-binding calculations. The preferred choice is the layer with B and C alternating strictly so that B is nearest neighbor to C and vice versa. A rationale for this is given. Due to the alternation of B and C within the honeycomb layers, $MgB_2C_2$ is a band insulator, which through partial substitution of Mg with Li, is predicted to turn metallic with holes in the $\sigma$ bands at the Fermi level.