• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제8권8호
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• pp.2607-2625
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• 2014

Previous studies on multiuser multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) mostly assume a homogeneous signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), where each user has the same average SNR. However, real networks are more likely to feature heterogeneous SNRs (a random-valued average SNR). Motivated by this fact, we analyze a multiuser MIMO downlink with a zero-forcing (ZF) receiver in a heterogeneous SNR environment. A transmitter with Mantennas constructs M orthonormal beams and performs the SNR-based proportional fairness (S-PF) scheduling where data are transmitted to users each with the highest ratio of the SNR to the average SNR per beam. We develop a new analytical expression for the sum throughput of the multiuser MIMO system. Furthermore, simply modifying the expression provides the sum throughput for important special cases such as homogeneous SNR, max-rate scheduling, or high SNR. From the analysis, we obtain new insights (lemmas): i) S-PF scheduling maximizes the sum throughput in the homogeneous SNR and ii) under high SNR and a large number of users, S-PF scheduling yields the same multiuser diversity for both heterogeneous SNRs and homogeneous SNRs. Numerical simulation shows the interesting result that the sum throughput is not always proportional to M for a small number of users.

• 대한전자공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전자공학회 2002년도 ITC-CSCC -1
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• pp.50-53
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• 2002

There are increasing needs to deliver the multimedia streaming over heterogeneous networks. When considering network environments and equipment accessed by user, delivery of video streaming must be scalable. There are many kinds of scalable video coding: spatial, temporal, SNR, and hybrid. The SNR scalable and spatial resolution, but different SNR quality with respect to layers. The 1-layer SNR scalable encoder produces SNR scalable video streams with ease. But, there is drift problem. Modified 1-layer approach does not have this problem but coding inefficiency, and is not MPEG-compliant. The present MPEG-compliant 2-layer encoder comes out to reduce coding rate. But it still use only base layer to encode whole layer. In this paper, we propose adaptive MPEG-compliant 2-layer encoder. Using linear combination algorithm, encoder use 1 motion vector to encode the sequences efficiently. By dong this, we can achieve the coding efficiency of SNR scalable coding.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제10권7호
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• pp.3171-3191
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• 2016

Due to growing demand on wireless data traffic, a large number of different types of base stations (BSs) have been installed. However, space-time dependent wireless data traffic densities can result in a significant number of idle BSs, which implies the waste of power resources. To deal with this problem, we propose an active state control algorithm based on semi-Markov decision process (SMDP) for a heterogeneous network. A MDP in discrete time domain is formulated from continuous domain with some approximation. Suboptimal on-line learning algorithm with a random policy is proposed to solve the problem. We explicitly include coverage constraint so that active cells can provide the same signal to noise ratio (SNR) coverage with a targeted outage rate. Simulation results verify that the proposed algorithm properly controls the active state depending on traffic densities without increasing the number of handovers excessively while providing average user perceived rate (UPR) in a more power efficient way than a conventional algorithm.

• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.796-806
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• 2008

This paper presents a blind video watermarking algorithm that has the robustness against spatial, temporal, and SNR scalability and transcoding for the copyright protection of video contents in heterogeneous multimedia service. The proposed process of watermark embedding and detecting is accomplished on base layer for considering spatial scalability. The watermark consists of the string and the ordering number of string for considering temporal scalability. Thus, each of frames has the bitstream of one character and a ordering number of its character. To robust against FGS, the proposed algorithm quantizes low and middle frequency coefficients in ROI region of each of frames and embeds its watermark bitstream into the specific bits of the quantized coefficients. Experimental results verified that the proposed algorithm satisfies the invisibility of watermark and also has the robustness against spatial scalability, temporal scalability and FGS.

• 한국방송∙미디어공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국방송공학회 2008년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.189-192
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• 2008

Modern broadcasting/multicasting networks has the heterogeneous nature in terms of terminals and available bandwidth. Such heterogeneity could be coped by scalable video coding (SVC) standard developed recently. More specifically, spatial layers of an SVC bitstream can be consumed by different terminals and SNR (and temporal) scalability can be used to cope with bandwidth heterogeneity. In this work, we tackle the problem of SVC adaptation for different user groups receiving the same broadcast/multicast video, so as to provide a flexible tradeoff between the groups while also maximizing the overall quality of the users. The adaptation process to truncate an SVC bitstream is first formulated as an optimization problem. Then the problem is represented by MPEG-21 DIA description tools, which can be solved by a universal processing. The results show that MPEG-21 DIA is useful to enable automatic and interoperable adaptation in our scenario.

• 방송공학회논문지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.179-187
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• 2008

본 논문에서는 영상 특성에 제약 없이 적용 가능한 SVC 기반 범용 품질 메트릭을 제안한다. 이종 환경에서의 비디오 콘텐츠 소비가 증가하면서 서비스 품질(Quality of Service, QoS)은 중요한 이슈 중 하나가 되었다. 또한 스케일러블 비디오 코딩(Scalable Video Coding, SVC)은 하나의 부호화된 비트스트림이 공간적, 시간적 그리고 품질적으로 다양한 확장이 가능하다는 장점을 이유로 이종 환경에서 적응성이 높은 영상 부호화 기술로 주목받고 있다. 제한된 환경에서의 서비스 품질 보장을 위해서는 서비스의 사용 주체인 사람이 느끼는 주관적 비디오 품질이 고려되어야 한다. 주관적 품질은 영상의 시간적, 공간적 특성 모두에 영향을 받기 때문에 영상의 특성에 대한 고려 역시 중요하다. 제안하는 방법의 효율성은 실험을 통해 측정된 주관적 품질 값과 제안된 품질 메트릭을 이용해 측정된 품질 지수 사이의 상관계수를 이용하여 검증하였으며 제안하는 품질 메트릭은 SVC의 품질 확장 결정 기준으로 사용될 수 있다.