• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.91-96
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of days open on subsequent reproductive performance following to estrus synchronization in the 114 lactating dairy cows. The animals were divided into two groups according to the time of estrus synchronization; viz, ${\leq}$ 85 days, and > 85 days postpartum, respectively. The estrus synchronization protocol consisted of insertion of a controlled internal drug release (CIDR) device containing 1.9 g progesterone with an injection of 250 ${\mu}g$ gonadorelin (Day 0), an injection of $PGF_2{\alpha}$ and removal of the device on Day 7, an injection of 250 ${\mu}g$ GnRH on Day 9, and TAI 17 h later. Pregnancy diagnosis was determined at 30 to 60 days after TAI using both ultrasonography and rectal palpation. The body condition score (BCS) gradually increased over the postpartum period. In estrus synchronized cows until 85 days, conception rate on first service, number of service per conception, interval from estrus synchronization to conception, and interval from calving to conception were not significantly different among two farms (P>0.05). In estrus synchronized cows after 85 days postpartum, conception rate on first service, number of service per conception and interval from calving to conception were significantly different ($P{\leq}0.05$) between herds A and B (26.8 vs 50.0%; $2.1{\pm}1.35$ vs $1.37{\pm}0.54$ times, $237.3{\pm}97.8$ vs $164.7{\pm}69.3$ days, respectively). In estrus synchronized cows after 85 days postpartum interval from estrus synchronization to conception was greater (P<0.01) in herd B than in herd A ($63.6{\pm}57.4$ vs $26.1{\pm}24.9$). These results indicate that the time of estrus synchronization for maximized the reproductive performance is before 85 days postpartum and feeding and management is important factor for high reproductive performance.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.453-457
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• 2006

This study determined the effects of several reproductive factors at prostaglandin $F_{2{\alpha}}\;(PGF_{2{\alpha}})$ administration on the subsequent estrous exhibition and conception. Three hundreds and twenty six dairy cows in seven dairy herds received a 25 mg $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ after confirming the presence of corpus luteum (CL) by ultrasonography, and the cows exhibited estrus within 7 days following $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ administration were artificially inseminated (AI). Two hundreds cows among the 326 cows received additional ultrasonography at $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ administration to measure the diameters of the largest follicle and CL on ovaries, and blood samples collected from the cows were analyzed for serum progesterone (P4) level. Cow parity, days open, body condition score (BCS), season and herd variables were recorded. Of the treated 326 cows, 171 cows (52.5%) showed estrus within 7 days after treatment, and the conception rate following AI was 37.4% (64/171). There were significant differences on the estrous exhibition ($31.3{\sim}65.8%$, p<0.01) and conception rates ($23.1{\sim}66.7%$, p<0.05) among the herds, while cow parity, days open, BCS and season did not affect the subsequent estrous exhibition and conception rates. The diameters of the largest follicle and CL on ovaries, and serum P4 level at the $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ administration were not related to the subsequent estrous exhibition and conception. The results indicate that the improved outcomes of synchronization of estrus using a single $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ administration may be related to the appropriate management of the herd.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.8
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• pp.1031-1040
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• 2011

The objective of this study was to characterize factors influencing genetic improvement of dairy cattle for milk production at farm level. Data were accumulated from 305-day milk yields and pedigree information from 1,921 first-lactation dairy cows that calved from 1990 to 2007 on 161 farms in Central Thailand. Variance components were estimated using average information restricted maximum likelihood procedures. Animal breeding values were predicted by an animal model that contained herd-year-season, calving age, and regression additive genetic group as fixed effects, and cow and residual as random effects. Estimated breeding values from cows that calved in a particular month were used to estimate genetic trends for each individual farm. Within-farm genetic trends (b, regression coefficient of farm milk production per month) were used to classify farms into 3 groups: i) farms with negative genetic trend (b<-0.5 kg/mo), ii) farms with no genetic trend (-0.5 kg/$mo{\leq}b{\leq}0.5$ kg/mo), and iii) farms with positive genetic trend (b>0.5 kg/mo). Questionnaires were used to gather information from individual farmers on educational background, herd characteristics, farm management, decision making practices, and opinion on dairy farming. Farmer's responses to the questionnaire were used to test the association between these factors and farm groups using Fisher's exact test. Estimated genetic trend for the complete population was $0.29{\pm}1.02$ kg/year for cows. At farm level, most farms (40%) had positive genetic trend ($0.63{\pm}4.67$ to $230.79{\pm}166.63$ kg/mo) followed by farms with negative genetic trend (35%; $-173.68{\pm}39.63$ to $-0.62{\pm}2.57$ kg/mo) and those with no genetic trend (25%; $-0.52{\pm}3.52$ to $0.55{\pm}2.68$ kg/mo). Except for educational background (p<0.05), all other factors were not significantly associated with farm group.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.57-71
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• 2009

Crop-livestock mixed farming systems depend on the efficiency with which nutrients are conserved and recycled. Home-grown forage is used as animal feed and animal excretions are applied to cultivated crop lands as manure. The objective of this study was to develop a mixed farming system model for dairy cattle in Japan. The model consisted of four sub-models: the nutrient requirement model, based on the Japanese Feeding Standards to determine requirements for energy, crude protein, dry matter intake, calcium, phosphorus and vitamin A; the optimum diet formulation model for determining the optimum diets that satisfy nutrient requirements at lowest cost, using linear programming; the herd dynamic model to calculate the numbers of cows in each reproductive cycle; and the whole farm optimization model to evaluate whole farm management from economic and environmental viewpoints and to optimize strategies for the target farm or system. To examine the model' validity, its predictions were compared against best practices for dairy farm management. Sensitivity analyses indicated that higher yielding cows lead to better economic results but higher emvironmental load in dairy cattle systems integrated with forage crop production.

• Journal of Information Technology Applications and Management
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.21-36
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• 2007

We face with numerous situation of decision making. In this situation, we would make decision through individual's own information, or others' decision making with ignoring private information, Also we would make decision through compromise of private information and others' information. like this, we call situation to imitate information of previous decision maker, with disregarding private own information,'information cascades' Also, anchoring effects are results of insufficient adjustment from an arbitrary value. In this paper, we examined how information cascades effects and anchoring effects would be generated in the people who use IT technique as instant poll of website. And this paper presents alternatives to decrease information cascades effects and anchoring effects. This exercise provides facts anchoring effects occur when voters can see poll result. And this paper shows that more degree of output difference is deepened, and more anchoring effects occur. Also this paper shows that when website gives positive payoff, more anchoring effects occur.

• Proceedings of the KSAR Conference
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• 2001.10a
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• pp.59-59
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• 2001

This study was designed to assess effect of MUN concentration on reproduction performance and monitoring of feeding and fertility management in commercial dairy herd. The mean of milk yield is 26.48±8.38㎏ per day, milk fat 3.80±0.58%, protein 3.13±0.3% MUN 16.68±5.87㎎/㎖ and somatic cell 392,000±77,060㎖. Milk yield has been shown that negative correlation with fat, protein and somatic cell(P〈0.01). The finding of this study was significant relationship between non-pregnant days and MUN concentration. (omitted)

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.10
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• pp.207-218
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• 2021

The present research intends to examine the herding aspect during the COVID-19 outbreak. The study is conducted to achieve specific objectives, so the underlying sampling technique is purposive sampling. The considered data source is the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX). Daily stock prices of 528 listed companies in PSX have been taken from the official website of PSX from 1998 to 2021. The current study envisions investigating the herding aspects for pre-pandemic and the time covering the pandemic period. The study has also targeted ten sectors of PSX. The present study's motive is to investigate investors' herding prospects before and during the pandemic in the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX) and its selected sectors. Daily closing stock prices of listed companies have been collected from the official website of PSX to calculate the stock returns. The Cross-Sectional Absolute Deviation (CSAD) has been used as a herding measure. Findings revealed that herding has not been observed in PSX during both time spans and even not during the bullish and bearish trends. However, robust sectoral evidence has been observed during the pandemic. It implies that investors in PSX tend to follow the crowd irrespective of making their own decisions to avoid further losses.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.39-57
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• 2004

Many dairy producers periodically receive information about their bulk tank milk with reference to bulk tank somatic cell counts, standard plate counts, and preliminary incubation counts. This information, when collected over a period of time, in combination with bulk tank mastitis culture reports can become a significant knowledge base. Several guidelines have been proposed to interpret farm bulk tank milk bacterial counts. However many of the suggested interpretive criteria lack validation, and provide little insight to the interrelationship between different groups of bacteria found in bulk tank milk. Also the linguistic terms describing bulk tank milk quality or herd management status are rather vague or fuzzy such as excellent, good or unsatisfactory. The objective of this paper was to develop a set of fuzzy descriptors to evaluate bulk tank milk quality and herd's milking practice based on bulk tank milk microbiology test results. Thus, fuzzy logic based reasoning methodologies were developed based on fuzzy inference engine. Input parameters were bulk tank somatic cell counts, standard plate counts, preliminary incubation counts, laboratory pasteurization counts, non agalactiae-Streptococci and Streptococci like organisms, and Staphylococcus aureus. Based on the input data, bulk tank milk quality was classified as excellent, good, milk cooling problem, cleaning problem, environmental mastitis, or mixed with mastitis and cleaning problems. The results from fuzzy reasoning would provide a reference regarding a good management practice for milk producers, dairy health consultants, and veterinarians.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.7
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• pp.951-960
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• 2018

Hanwoo cattle are an important food source in Korea and their supply can have a major impact on meat availability for Korean consumers. The Hanwoo population was 1.8 million head in 2005 and gradually increased to 2.6 million in 2015. Per capita beef consumption has also increased, to 11.6 kg per year in 2015, and is expected to continue to increase. Because intramuscular fat percentage is a critical contributor to meat quality, Hanwoo cattle are fed a high-energy corn-based diet for long fattening periods. Long fed diet causes significant alterations in fat percentage in the loin muscle and other areas of the carcass. However, these long feeding periods increase feeding costs and beef prices. Recently, there has been increased Korean consumer demand for lean beef which has less fat, but is tender and priced more reasonably. These consumer demands on the Korean beef industry are driving differing beef production systems and also changes to the beef grading methodology. Korean government has made a significant investment to select bulls with favorable production traits using progeny testing. Progeny tested bull semen has been disseminated to all Hanwoo farmers. A beef traceability system has been employed for all cattle breeds in Korea since 2009. Hanwoo cattle are ear-marked with a 12-digit identification number from birth to slaughter. This number allows traceability of the management history of individual cattle, and also provides information to consumers. Traceability including management information such as herd, farm, year of birth, and carcass data can determine estimated breeding values of Hanwoo. For a sustainable Hanwoo industry, research scientists in Korea have attempted to develop feeds for efficient fattening periods and precision feeding systems based on genetic information for Hanwoo cattle. These initiatives aim to Korean consumer demands for beef and provide more precision management in beef production in Korea.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.35-49
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• 1986

Recipients are an integral part of embryo transfer and they are expensive to maintain as a good recipient. Recipient management is one of the most important components in a successful embryo transfer program. Management includes selection and subsequent care of the animals. A good recipient is basically on "open" cows or heffers whose reproductive tract is capable of receiving one or two embryos and incubating it to term. Potential recipients should be always be healthy and cycling normally ranging from 18 to 23 days. A thorough veterinary examination is recommended for candidate of recipients and cattle for questionable health should be eliminated from the recipient herd. Age and size of recipients are particularly important considerations when heifers are used, because of most embryos available for transfer are from large dams and sires. Body condition can influence a recipient's production, reproduction and health. Obese and underconditioned cattle should be avoided for use. Transfer of fresh embryos especially requires precise synchronization of donors and recipients. For estrus synchronization, PGF$_2$$\alpha$ is injected twice 10 to 12 days apart and short4erm progestagen treatment is applied to potential recipient cattle by coil into vagina (PRID) or ear implant (Synchro-Mate-B). The highest pregnancy results are achieved in recipients at exact synchrony with donors or 12 to 24 hr earlier than donors. Estrus detection is a major factor in breeding efficiency. High accuracy can be achieved by use of heat mount detection alds or by obserbing cattle for 30-minute peroids 3 times daily. Assay progesterone in milk can be used to discrIminate between pregnant and nonprenant recipients. Rectal palpation on day 35 to 70 after is an accurate and safe method of pregnancy diagnosis. Embryonic mortality in recipients may be associated with factors such as high environmental temperature and nutritional or lactational stress in early lactation period. Achievement of short calving interval requires concentrated management activity during the first 90 days following calving. Acceptable candidate for a recipient should be routinely vaccinated for infectious diseases. Proper nutritional programs according to NRC requirements and body condition scoring system for recipient cattles are vital to the ultimate success of an embryo transfer program.r program.