• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.136-138
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• 2008

On a dairy farm, a Holstein cow had consistently shown an intersucking behavior within the milking herd. It has been considered as one of several behavioral disorders primarily coming from feeding management failure during weaning period. Due to their behavior, injured teats of other milking cows could decrease milk production. Through tongue surgery, by producing a convex shape of the dorsum of the tongue after suturing the excised ventral region, the intersucking behavior was forcefully corrected and disappeared thereafter within the dairy herd without any complications.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.83-88
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• 1999

This study was undertaken with three objectives : to determine the optimal time of blood collection for plasma urea nitrogen(PUN) analysis, to examine the frequency distribution of PUN levels in recipient herd and to relate concentration of PUN to conception rate in Hanwoo recipients. The relationship between PUN level and time postfeeding was examined for 5 individual cows. Mean concentration of PUN rose for 4hrs postfeeding and decreased to PUN level before feeding at 10hrs postfeeding. And then, the blood for PUN analysis was collected at the time before feeding in next experiments. The ratio of cows with PUN concentration of < 12, 12∼18 and 18mg/dl were 50.6, 39.9 and 9.5% in 163 recipients, individually. The pregnancy rate of cows with PUN concentration 12∼16 mg/dl (63.3%) was higher than that of cows with PUN concnetration < 12 mg/dl (46.7%) or > 16mg/dl (42.9%). There results suggest that the PUN test may be beneficial for management of recipient herd in effects to maintain or improve reproductive efficiency.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.215-219
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• 1999

This study aims to make detail examination of smallholder dairy farming systems in the Nongpho Dairy Cooperative. Forty-three dairy farms were selected from three geographical areas i.e. irrigated area, municipality area, and factory area. Within each area some number of sample farms were selected from each of the three levels of farm and animal crowdedness (very crowded, crowded, and not crowded farms). Detail data were collected during 1996 to 1997, they were socio-economic conditions of the sample farms and farmers, dairy production systems and management of resources (animals, bam, feeds, stocking rates, herd structure, animal body conditions, milk yield and milk quality, manure and farm wastes management, and other related items). Detail information useful for the improvement of farm production efficiency were discussed. It was very clear that much improvement of smallholder dairy production can be achieved if the recommendations given by this study were implemented.

• Korean Management Science Review
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.125-143
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• 2015

When studying the film industry, researchers have seldom addressed the dynamic interaction between marketing information and word of mouth in the motion picture industry mainly because of the limitation of traditional research methodologies. This study explores integration and competition among important variables influencing on audience's choice on movie selection, particularly by using a new method of agent-based modeling including competitive environment. Decision process of moviegoer composed of transition probability based on multinomial logit model, considering marketing and box-office information, critique, and word of mouth from other moviegoers. After validating the fitness of market share among released movies, this study conducted a set of simulation experiments considering several variables such as market size, change of weight between variables, and movie performance under competition. Propositions are derived from the simulation results is also suggested for future research.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.903-910
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• 2015

To maintain a predominantly pasture-based system, the large herd milked by automatic milking rotary would be required to walk significant distances. Walking distances of greater than 1-km are associated with an increased incidence of undesirably long milking intervals and reduced milk yield. Complementary forages can be incorporated into pasture-based systems to lift total home grown feed in a given area, thus potentially 'concentrating' feed closer to the dairy. The aim of this modelling study was to investigate the total land area required and associated walking distance for large automatic milking system (AMS) herds when incorporating complementary forage rotations (CFR) into the system. Thirty-six scenarios consisting of 3 AMS herds (400, 600, 800 cows), 2 levels of pasture utilisation (current AMS utilisation of 15.0 t dry matter [DM]/ha, termed as moderate; optimum pasture utilisation of 19.7 t DM/ha, termed as high) and 6 rates of replacement of each of these pastures by grazeable CFR (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%) were investigated. Results showed that AMS cows were required to walk greater than 1-km when the farm area was greater than 86 ha. Insufficient pasture could be produced within a 1 km distance (i.e. 86 ha land) with home-grown feed (HGF) providing 43%, 29%, and 22% of the metabolisable energy (ME) required by 400, 600, and 800 cows, respectively from pastures. Introduction of pasture (moderate): CFR in AMS at a ratio of 80:20 can feed a 400 cow AMS herd, and can supply 42% and 31% of the ME requirements for 600 and 800 cows, respectively with pasture (moderate): CFR at 50:50 levels. In contrast to moderate pasture, 400 cows can be managed on high pasture utilisation (provided 57% of the total ME requirements). However, similar to the scenarios conducted with moderate pasture, there was insufficient feed produced within 1-km distance of the dairy for 600 or 800 cows. An 800 cow herd required 140 and 130 ha on moderate and high pasture-based AMS system, respectively with the introduction of pasture: CFR at a ratio of 50:50. Given the impact of increasing land area past 86 ha on walking distance, cow numbers could be increased by purchasing feed from off the milking platform and/or using the land outside 1-km distance for conserved feed. However, this warrants further investigations into risk analyses of different management options including development of an innovative system to manage large herds in an AMS farming system.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.119-124
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• 2007

Milk components analysis was carried out milk yield(MY), milk fat(MF), milk protein(MP), milk urea nitrogen(MUN), milk solid(MS), day of non-pregnant condition(DNPC), and days of primipara(DPRI) involved. Dairy farms were divided high, middle and low groups according to the standard records for milk components. Examination records were divided by farm, parity, year, season and month, the number of samples were 28,957. MUN concentration was below 12 mg and when the MPP was below 3.0%, the days of non-pregnant condition were $94{\pm}10.77$ days but concentration of MUN was under 12 mg and when MPP was above 3.2%, longer period of non-pregnant condtion of $181.3{\pm}9.25$ was noted. The days of gestation of the first calving cow was $495.9{\pm}9.04$ days when the concentration of MUN was below 12mg/dl and MPP was under 3.0%. If the concentration of MUN was 12 mg/dl and when the MPP was over 3.2%, the days of gestation were $511.0{\pm}8.36$ days. It was believed that the concentrations of MPP and MUN have significant effects on the days of non-pregnant condition and the days of gestation. Determination of MY, MF, MS, and MUN was Milkoscan $4,000{\sim}5,000$ Serier(FOSS Electric Co., Copenhagen, Denmark). MUN standard concentration was 12-18(mg/dl) similar to blood urea nitrogen(BUN). Mutual relationship of milk components(MF, SCC, MY, DNPC, MS) and MUN concentration was low in regression analysis.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.25-31
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• 2017

Effective estrus detection and artificial insemination (AI) are necessary for profitable management of dairy herd. In current study, 45 crossbred lactating cows have been selected with the complaint of unobserved oestrus for more than sixty days postpartum. All cows had functional corpus luteum as examined by transrectal ultrasonography. Cows were treated with $PGF_2{\alpha}$ analogue and AI was performed with observed oestrus and then single dose of GnRH was administered. Similar synchronization protocol has been repeated after 14 days in cows that did not repose to first treatment. Remaining cows received additional $PGF_2{\alpha}$ after 14 days of second treatment and timed AI was performed following GnRH administration. Among 45 cows, 28.89% showed estrus after first treatment and 78.79% responded to second hormonal intervention. A higher conception rate (88.89% vs 26.66 and 72.72%) was observed in cows after triple administration of $PGF_2{\alpha}$ and timed AI. We noticed a significant differences in body condition score (BCS, 1~5 scale), postpartum period, and daily milk production between cows that either responded of non-responded following first and second hormonal treatment. In addition, there was a significant positive correlation between daily milk production and BCS, age and postpartum days, milk production and estrus/BCS, and milk production/BCS/estrus and conception rate. Depending upon the findings we conclude that hormonal intervention with $PGF_2{\alpha}$ and GnRH enhances postpartum ovarian cyclicity and help decreasing the days open of dairy herd. Therefore, this finding might provide an excellent guideline for target breeding system for profitable dairy herd management.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.383-391
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• 2000

Milk urea nitrogen (MUN) determination is being used an indicator of the protein-energy balance in dairy herds. A faulty balance can be corrected to optimize milk production and animal health. This parameter is regarded as a potential tool to evaluate suboptimal feeding practices and reproductive disorders. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the response of milk composition by regular feeding analysis and to compared the relationship between MUN and milk protein(MP) and fertility at the insemination period in Holstein dairy cows. Total of 355 artificial insemination (AI) for 150 Holstein cows in the herd were used to examine the relationship between MUN and MP content and conception rate. The AI occured for the cows 50 to 150 day in milk, and MUN and MP concentration were determined using automated infrared procedures. The mean${\pm}$standard deviation of MUN and MP concentration in the herd were $15.6{\pm}2.1mg/dl$ and $3.23{\pm}0.38%$, respectively. MUN contents of bulk milk were increase by elevated crude protein intake. The conception rate was lower in the cows in which the level of MUN was lower than > 8.0mg/dl (10.0%) or > higher than 25mg/dl (15.4%) relative to the cows in MUN content of 12.0~17.9 mg/dl (36.7%) at the time of insemination. Also, lower MP than 3.0% or higher MP than 3.25% were associated with a lower conception rates. Consequently, MUN and MP analyses may be used serve as a monitoring tool of protein and energy nutritional balance to improve reproduction efficiency in Holstein dairy cows.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.407-412
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• 2001

Milk data may be increasingly used as indicators of the protein-energy balance and actual farm feeding practices. It was related to milk production, nutritional and reproductive disorders. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between level of fat, protein or milk urea nitrogen (MUN) from the first test within 35 days in milk and displaced abomasum (DA) in a large dairy herd with high yielding Holstein cows. Milk data from forty-five DA cases were compared to those from 90 healthy cows. Higher odds of DA diagnosis was found with higher 5.0% milk fat, lower 3.0% milk protein. Therefore, cows with a fat to protein ratio of>1.5 had higher risks for DA. Also, incidence rates of DA was higher in the cows which the level of MUN was lower than 12.0 mg/dl or higher than 25.0 mg/dl relative to healthy cows. These results indicate that cows diagnosed with DA were energy deficient prior to DA diagnosis. We conclude that level of fat, protein or MUN serve as a monitoring tool of protein and energy nutritional balance in early lactation cows and also as a significant predictor of risk for DA.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.19-24
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• 2012

This paper describes the epidemiological characteristics of bovine brucellosis in Korea during January 2000~September 2004, which encompasses the period when the incidence of bovine brucellosis increased abruptly. Data from the National Animal Infectious Disease Data Management System were used for this study. A range of epidemiological measures was calculated including annual herd and animal incidence. During the study period, there were 1,183 outbreaks on 638 farms. In beef cattle, annual herd incidence increased from 0.2 (2000) to 11.5 (2004, to September) outbreaks per 10,000 and annual animal incidence varied between 3.4 (2000) and 105.8 (2004, to September) per 100,000, respectively. On 401 (62.9%) infected farms during this period, infection was eradicated without recurrence. Recurrence of infection was significantly higher on farms where abortion was reported (53.3%), compared to farms where it was not (30.0%). On beef cattle farms, infection was introduced most frequently through purchased cattle (46.2%). Based on the results of this study, the establishment and spread of brucellosis in the Korean beef cattle population were mainly due to incomplete or inappropriate treatment of aborted materials and the movement of infected cattle.