• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.81-91
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• 2021

Objectives : This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of a complex mixture of natural substances of ginseng and baeknyeoncho on the arthritic rats. Methods : In vitro experiments were conducted to ensure the stability of the complex. After setting toxicity and concentration by MTT assay, the antioxidant effect was measured through DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity. To confirm the anti-inflammatory effects of the complex, levels of nitric oxide (NO) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α) were measured in LPS-treated macrophage cell lines (RAW264.7). We injected monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) 50 μl (60 mg/ml) into knee joints of rats to induce osteoarthritis. The rats were divided into three groups (normal (n=5), control (n=5), and OR (n=5) group). The control group consumed 2 mg/kg of physiological saline once a day for 4 weeks, and the OR group was mixed at a concentration of 416.5 mg/kg of Baengnyeoncho (O) and 208.25 mg/kg of red ginseng (R) and ingested 1 mL each 5 days a week. Results : This complex increased the DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging rate. The complex decreased NO production and pro-inflammatory cytokine production of macrophages. In the OR group, the secretion of cytokine in serum was decreased. In histopathological examination, the joint tissue of the composite showed less damage to the synovial membrane, cartilage, and fibrous tissue than the control group. Conclusions : As a result of this study, natural complexes have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cartilage protection effects. Therefore, we expect the complex to be effective in treating osteoarthritis.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.15-21
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• 2014

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate inhibitory effects of steamed Polygonatum odoratum extract (POE) on differentiation and adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Methods : Polygonatum odoratum (P. odoratum) extract was extracted with ethyl acetate. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents in POE were measured for antioxidant activity. The spectrophotometric method was used to determine the DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity and ferric-reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP). MTT assay was examined for cell toxicity, oil red O staining was performed for intracelluar adipogenesis in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Western blot analysis for measurement of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein ${\alpha}$ ($C/EBP{\alpha}$), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor${\gamma}$ ($PPAR{\gamma}$) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) expressions were performed. Results : The results revealed that POE has antioxidant activities. Contents of total polyphenolics and flavonoids were $50.83{\pm}1.52$ GAE mg/100g dry weight of POE and $17.05{\pm}2.47$ RE mg/100g dry weight of POE, respectively. DPPH radical scavenging activity, and FRAP in 10 mg/ml concentration were $92.1{\pm}0.6%$, $244.8{\pm}9.0{\mu}M$ Fe(II) and ABTS inhibition in 5 mg/ml concentration was $84.8{\pm}4.1%$. Treatment of POE in adipocytes inhibited the differentiation and adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 adipocytes compared to those of vehicle control. Additionally, protein expressions of $C/EBP{\alpha}$ and $PPAR{\gamma}$, major transcription factor for the adipogenic genes, were significantly decreased compared to those of vehicle control (p<0.05). Futhermore, phosphorylation of AMPK was increased in 3T3-L1 adipocytes treated with POE compared to that of vehicle control (p<0.05). Conclusions : we demonstrate that steamed P. odoratum extract (POE) has potentiating antioxidant activities, inhibits differentiation and lipid accumulation and also induces energy expenditure in adipocytes, which may contribute to antiobesity property.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.1-18
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• 2003

The Theory for Monarch, Minister, Adjuvant and Dispatcher (or the Theory of Principal, Assistant, Adjuvant and Guiding Korean Oriental Herbal Medicines) has served as a standard principle for newly developed prescription formulas as well as established ones. Despite its significance, however, this theory hasn't been thoroughly studied and covered in the academic journals of Korean Oriental Herbal Medicines (KOHM) yet. This paper inquires into the origin of the theory while presenting the definitions and functions of Principal, Assistant, Adjuvant, and Guiding KOHM. In the end, the recommended doses and number of the KOHM comprising each of Principal, Assistant, Adjuvant, and Guiding KOHM are suggested. The compatibility theory of Principal, Assistant, Adjuvant, and Guiding KOHM can be traced back to the Warring States Period during which it was recorded in the treatise of the various schools of thoughts and their exponents. The theory was firmly established as a full system in ${\ulcorner}Shinnong's\;Pharmacopoeia{\lrcorner}\;and\;{\ulcorner}Yellow\;Emperor's\;Cannon\;of\;Internal\;Medicine{\lrcorner}$. While ${\ulcorner}Shinnong's\;Pharmacopoeia{\lrcorner}$ focuses on the classification of the properties of KOHM, ${\ulcorner}Yellow\;Emperor's\;Cannon\;of\;Internal\;Medicine{\lrcorner}$ mainly deals with the principles for writing prescriptions. In this regard, it is ${\ulcorner}Yellow\;Emperor's\;Cannon\;of\;Internal\;Medicine{\lrcorner}$ that systemized the Theory of Principal, Assistant, Adjuvant, and Guiding KOHM in a real sense. Principal KOHM aims at the causes of diseases and treat main symptoms. The doses are greater than Assistant, Adjuvant and Guiding KOHM. With their comprehensive effects, Principal KOHM is a leading ingredient of any prescription formula. Assistant KOHM are similar to Principal KOHM in its natures and flavors. Although its natures, flavors as well as efficacies may slightly differ from those of Principal KOHM, Assistant KOHM strengthens the therapeutic effects, jointly working with Principal KOHM. They mainly treat accompanying diseases and symptoms. Adjuvant KOHM is divided into two types: facilitator and inhibitor. Facilitators with the similar properties to those of Principal and Assistant KOHM help strengthen the therapeutic effects. Since they usually treat accompanying symptoms or secondary accompanying symptoms (minor accompanying symptoms), there are two kinds of facilitators. (1) The first kind of facilitators assists Principal KOHM, targeting accompanying symptoms. (2) The second ones supporting Assistant KOHM are for accompanying or secondary accompanying symptoms (or minor accompanying symptoms). Inhibitors counteract and thereby complement Principal and Assistant KOHM. Some of them inhibit the side effects or toxicity of Principal KOHM for the sake of the safety of the whole prescription formula while the others generate induced interactions. Guiding KOHM can be used for two purposes: guiding and mediating. The Guiding KOHM for the former purpose leads the other KOHM in a prescription formula to the lesion. But, the Guiding KOHM for mediating coodinate and harmonize all the ingredients in a prescription formula. The number of KOHM for those Principal, Assistant, Adjuvant and Guiding KOHM and their doses are different, depending on the types of prescriptions: classical prescriptions, prescriptions after ${\ulcorner}$Treatise of Cold-Induced Diseases${\lrcorner}$ and prescriptions of Sasang Constitutions Medicines. In the case of the prescriptions after ${\ulcorner}$Treatise of Cold-Induced Diseases${\lrcorner}$, it is highly recommended to follow the view of ${\ulcorner}$Thesaurus of Korean Oriental Medicine Doctors in Chosun Dynasty${\lrcorner}$ for the number of KOHM to be used. For the doses, however, ${\ulcorner}$Elementary Course for Medicine${\lrcorner}$, is found to be more accurate. The most appropriate number of KOHM per prescription is 11-13. To be more specific, for one prescription formula, it is recommended to administer one kind of KOHM for Principal KOHM, 2-3 for Assistant KOHM, 3-4 for Adjuvant KOHM and 5 for Guiding KOHM. As for the proportion of the doses, when 10 units are to be administered for Principal KOHM in a formula, the doses for the other three should be 7-8 units for Assistant KOHM, 5-6 for Adjuvant KOHM and 3-4 for Guiding KOHM. The doses of the KOHM added to or taken out of the prescription correspond to those of Adjuvant and Guiding KOHM.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.87-94
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• 2008

In view of obtaining potential anticancer compounds, we studied the inhibitory activity and the cytotoxic effects of a candidate compound in cancer cells. The cytotoxic effects of cannabidiol (CBD) in vitro were evaluated in NIH3T3 fibroblasts, B16 melanoma cells, A549 lung cancer cells, MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, Lenca kidney cells and SNU-C4 colon cancer cells. The cells were cultured in various concentrations of CBD for 48 h and 25 ${\mu}$M of CBD for 6-36 h. The cells were observed to exhibit inhibitory effects of the cell viability in their growth, and then cytotoxicity was estimated. The inhibitory activity of CBD was increased in all cancer cells and showed especially strong increment in breast cancer cells. The cytotoxicity of CBD increased in a dose- and time-dependent manner with growth inhibition in all cancer cell lines. Also, to assess the membrane toxicity induced by CBD, we investigated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. After treatment with various concentrations of CBD, LDH release rate of cancer cells was accelerated. On the other hand, in the induction of cell death, caspase-3, -8 and -9 activations were detected in cancer cells after treatment with various concentrations of CBD, and CBD effectively induced activity of caspase-3, -8 and -9 in A549 lung cancer cells, MDAMB-231 breast cancer cells and Renca kidney cells. Therefore these results suggest that CBD has a possibility of anticancer agents and anticancer effects against cancer cells by modulation of apoptotic pathway in the range of 5-80 ${\mu}$M concentration.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.47-53
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• 2014

Objectives The aim of this review is to analyse the study tendency in papers related with sibjeondaebotang (Shiquan dabutang) which are published in Korea from 2000 to 2013. Methods We searched the four electronic database (NSDL, RISS, Korean traditional knowledge portal, OASIS) and checked relevant Korean journals from 2000 to 2013. We classified the papers by publish date, speciality, study method, and field of study, and analysed the study tendency. Results 1. 4 papers were published annually on average. 2. After classifying papers by the speciality of journal, continuous study was followed not only in korean medicine, but also in many specialities like Dietetics, Biotechnology and Pharmacology. 3. In study methods, clinical case was 29%, in vivo was 26%, and in vitro was 26%. 4. After classifying papers by field of study, beneficial effect was 62%, toxicity was 14%, qualitative analysis was 9%, and adverse effect and pharmacology was 3%. 5. In beneficial effect, it is effective in antioxidation, treatment and prevention of neurologic disease, skin disease, gynecologic disease and so on. It has also an effect in enhancing the immune system, improving the dysfunction of organs, and it can also be used for anticancer and anti-metastatic purpose. Conclusions These results suggest that Sibjeondaebotang (Shiquan dabutang) can be used as cure medicine, not just as herbal tonic, but there are not sufficient evidence based papers, so there should be further studies in order to establish Sibjeondaebotang as a cure medicine.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.145-156
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• 2017

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to review experimental studies of Parkinson's Disease in Korean medical journals, which have been published since 1990. Methods: Experimental studies related to Parkinson's disease published in Korean medical journals, registered with Korea research foundation, were searched. Articles were grouped into journal of publication, subject, and publication year. Experimental study subjects and models were analysed. Results and Conclusions: Twenty-two articles about experimental studies of Parkinson's Disease in Korean medical journals were included in our review. There were 13 articles in which herbs were used for treatment, 4 articles in which bee venom was used for treatment, 4 articles in which acupuncture was used for treatment, and 1 article in which pharmacopuncture was used for treatment. Most of the studies used experimental models of MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease and MTT assay was used to analyse cell toxicity and cell viability. Pole test, rotarod test, Morris water maze test, and forced swimming test were commonly used to analyse MPTP-induced behavioral deficits in animals. Analysis on experimental studies of Parkinson's disease was categorized into the subjects of dopaminergic cell protective effect, cell-apoptosis protectiveness, anti-inflammatory effect, and anti-oxidative effect.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.21-30
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• 2005

Objectives : To observe physiological anti-body effects of anti-BV, acute toxic response, measurement of $LD_{50}$, and the effects of anti-body were evaluated. Methods : $LD_{50}$ of Anti-Bee Venom were measured, and to analyze acute toxic responses, weight, and the anti-body effects various concentrations of Anti-BV were diluted and the survival rate was measured. Cell blood count (CBC), liver, spleen, and kidney pathologies were observed from the histological aspects. Results : Experiment was conducted to observe Anti-BV as the anti-body to the bee venom and the following results were obtained : 1.anti-BV was injected intraperitoneally and no toxic responses were witnessed. All of the experiment subjects stayed alive during the experiment, making $LD_{50}$ analysis impossible. 2.Anti-BV was injected intraperitoneally in mice and no significant weight changes were measured between the control group and the experiment groups. 3. Measuring the concentration dependent survival rate, the highest survival rate was at the concentration of $1.25{\times}10^2mg/kg$(1/2.000) for Anti-BV. 4. No particular results were shown in the CBC test. 5. Observation of changes in the organ tissues, Anti-BV was found to suppress blood stasis in the liver and inhibit necrosis of the cells. Conclusion : Above results suggest that Anti-BV doesn't cause any toxic responses in the body and works as an anti-body to the bee venom. Further studies must be followed to secure the findings.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.289-295
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• 2002

To certify the protective effect of herbal medicine against oxygen free radical-induced myocardiotoxicity, cytotoxicity was measured using MTT, LDH activity and Beating rate assay in the presence of Guaruhaebaekbanha-tang(GHBT) extracts or single constituents of this prescription. Myocardial toxicity was evaluated in neonatal rat myocardiocytes in cultures. In the present study, xanthine oxidase/hypoxanthine(XO/HX) resulted in a decrease in cell viability, increases in LDH activity in culture medium and decreases in beating rate in cultured myocardial cells. In the effect of GHBT extract, it showed the prevention from the XO/HX-induced cardiotoxicity by the increases of cell viability and beating rate as well as the decrease of LDH activity. In the protective effect of Fructus Trichosanthis(FT), Bulbus Allii Macrostemi(BAM) and Rhizoma Pinelliae(RP), all the extracts were significantly effective in the protection of XO/HX-induced cardiotoxocity in cultured myocardial cells by the increase of beating rate as well as th decrease of LDH activity. From these results, they show that XO/HX is cardiotoxic in cultured myocardial cells derived from neonatal rat, and it suggests that GHBT, FT, SAM, RP extracts are positively effective in the blocking in XO/HX-induced cardiotoxicity.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.296-302
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• 2002

Bohyulmyunyuk-dan is an Oriental herbal formulation to enhance the general body conditions as well as immune response against both endogenous and exogenous harmful challenges. This study was designed to investigate the effect of Bohyulmyunyuk-dan on the cisplatin-induced toxicity of primary rat astrocytes and C6 glioma cells. After trestment of astrocytes and C6 glioma cells with cisplatin, MTT assay was carried out to measure cytotoxicity of brain cells. To explore the mechanism of cytotoxicity, astrocytes were treated with Bohyulmyunyuk-dan and followed by the addition of cisplatin. Then, the protective effects of Bohyulmyunyuk-dan were investigated in apoptosis signaling pathway. The results were obtained as follows ; Bohyulmyunyuk-dan protected the death of astrocytes by cisplatin, which decreased the viability of astrocytes and C6 glioma cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Bohyulmyunyuk-dan protected the apoptotic death of astrocytes from cisplatin induced cell apoptosis. Bohyulmyunyuk-dan inhitited the activation of caspase-3 and -9 protease in astrocytes by cisplatin. Bohyulmyunyuk-dan inhibited the deavage of PARP in astrocytes by cisplatin. According to above results, Bohyulmyunyuk-dan may prevent brain cells from cytotoxicity induced cell apoptosis induced by chemotherapeatic agents induding displatin.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.353-358
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• 2002

To test the protective effect of herbal medicine against oxygen free radical-induced myocardiotoxicity, cytotoxicity of xanthine oxidase/hypoxanthine (XO/HX) was examined using MTT, TBARS, and beating rate assay in the presence of water extract of Sujeom-san(SJS) or single consituents of its prescription. Myocardial toxicity was evaluated in neonatal rat myocardiocytes in cultures. In the present paper, XO/HX resulted in a decrease in viability and beating rate and increases in lipid peroxidation in cultured myocardial cells. In the effect of SJS water extract, it showed effects from the cardiocytotoxicity induced by XO/HX treatment such as increases in beating rate and decreases in lipid peroxidation. In the effect of Rhizoma Corydalis (RC), Faeces Trogopterori (FT), Fructus Amomi Tsaoko (FAT) and Myrrha on the cardiocytotoxicity, they were significantly effective in blocking the XO/HX-induced cardiocytotoxicity by increase of beating rate in FAT and FT group as well as decrease of lipid peroxidation in FT and RC group. These results show that oxygen free radical elicits toxic effects in cultured myocardial cells derived from neonatal rat, and suggest that water extract of Sujeomsan, Rhizoma Corydalis, Faeces Trogopterori, Fructus Amomi Tsaoko or Myrrha is very effective in the prevention of xanthine oxidase/hypoxanthine- induced cardiotoxicity.