• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.135-142
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• 2007

We used the Braun-Blanquet method to study coastal dune vegetation of South Korea. Coastal vegetation was monitored in thirty sites from April 2004 to September 2005. Seventeen plant communities were classified into five groups as follows: A. Two associations of herbaceous sand dune plants in Salsoletea komarovii Ohba, Miyawaki et Tx. 1973 (Calystegia soldanella community, Lathyrus japonicus-Calystegia soldanella community), B. Twelve associations of herbaceous perennial sand dune plants in Glehnietea littoralis Ohba, Miyawaki et Tx. 1973 (Carex pumila community, Elymus mollis community, Vitex rotundifolia-Elymus mollis community, Ixeris repens community, Elymus mollis-Ixeris repens community, Lathyrus japonicus community, Messershmidia sibirica community, Glehnia littoralis community, Carex kobomugi community, Calystegia solda-nella-Carex kobomugi community, Ishaemum anthephoroides community, Zoysia macrostachya community), C. One association of shrubby perennial sand dune plant in Viticetea rotundifoliae Ohba, Miyawaki et Tx. 1973 (Vitex rotundifolia community), D. One association of shrubby perennial sand dune plant in Rosetea multiflorae Ohba, Miyawaki et Tx. 1973 (Rosa rugosa community), E. The naturalized community (Diodia teres community).

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.33-40
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• 2010

The cemented sand and gravel (CSG) method is a construction technique that adds cement and water to rock-like materials, such as rivered gravel or excavation muck which that can be obtained easily at areas adjacent to dam sites. This study was performed to evaluate the planting properties of herbaceous plant and cool-season grass in CSG blocks that were manufactured by using CSG materials to develop environmentally friendly CSG method. The two types of CSG-0 without cement and CSG-100 with $100\;kg/m^3$ of cement were designed to evaluate compaction, unconfined compressive strength and growth of plants with cement content by using modified E compaction. To analyze growth properties of plants, germination ratio, visual cover, plant height and root length were measured in 4 weeks and 8 weeks after sowing. As the results, the germination regardless kinds of plants started within 5~7days and the germination ratio were in the range of 50~60 %. The visual cover of kinds of plants by visual rating system were in the range of 7~8 and the visual cover of tall fescue and perennial ryegrass was higher than that of lespedeza cuneata. The plant height and root length for tall fescue and perennial ryegrass in 8 weeks after sowing were in the range of 22~26 cm, 12~15 cm and 4~6 cm, 3~5 cm, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.421-433
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• 2012

This study was carried out to survey the vascular plants in 6 regions including around Hopo-Bridge of Yangsan region at waterfronts of Nakdong river, Korea. Distributed plants were surveyed from April to November, 2011. The vascular plants in 6 regions (around Mulgeum-chuisujang, Mulgeum-station, Jeungsan-ri, Hopo-bridge, Kumoh-bridge and lower part of Yangsan-stream) were total 135 taxa of 3 divisions, 4 classes, 37 orders, 66 families, 116 genera, 114 species, 2 subspecies and 19 varieties. The most number of species is Campanulales of 14.1% in Dicotyledoneae of 81.5% among total species. Regional distribution of species is mainly around Mulgeum-chuisujang and Jeungsan-ri as 61% among total species, and other regions is in 24 ~ 44%. Ecologically, there were herbaceous plants 75% and woody plants 25%, and 9 species of aquatic plants in herbaceous plants. Medicinal (herbal) plants included in KP (The Korean Pharmacopoeia) and KHP (The Korean Herbal Pharmacopoeia) were 56 species including Platycodon grandiflorum (Jacq.) A. De Candolle, Peucedanum japonicum Thunberg and etc., and folk herb plants were 14 species including Metaplexis japonica Makino, Commelina communis Linn$\acute{e}$ and etc. among total 135 species.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.573-582
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• 2003

According to the survey map, the altitudes of up and down the Ansungchon were 242m and 49m accordingly. The width of the river was 4m at upperstream and became wider, lam at midstream and 114m at downstream. Water pH of the Ansungchon was measured variously in the range of 6.0-7.9 according to the surveyed times and areas. The water pH measured during June through August decreased continually and suddenly increased at the end of October. Phragmites iaponica, a major species of the fresh water emergent anchored hydrophytes, was surveyed mostly in the area of upperstream, Phragmites communis, Miscanthus sacchariflorus and Typha orientalis were surveyed in the areas of midstream and downstream, and Zizania latifolia was found in all areas of the river. The total of 101 taxa dividing into 32 families, 71 genera, 88 species, and 13 varieties have been inhabited in these areas. Among the inhabited plants, Poaceae was 21.8%, which appeared in the highest percent. Compositae was 20.8%, and Polygonaceae was 11.9%. In the surveyed areas, herbaceous plants were 95.1% and mostly occupied, and woody plants were 4.9％. Among the herbaceous plants, perennial plants were 52.5%, and annual and biannual plants were 28.7% and 13.9% accordingly. Naturalized plants dividing into 8 families and 18 genera have been found in the surveyed areas. The number of the naturalized plants increased from upperstream to downstream as the environmental disruption became worse. Only 2.5% of the total naturalized plants were appeared in up, 17.7% in midstream, and 28.6% in downstream. Shannon-Weiner's index for the degree of diversity was 2.898-3.666 in the area of upperstream, but 3.708-4.135 in downstream, which was little higher.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.123-132
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• 2006

This research was studied to inverstigate the effect of plant mixtures and tackifibers on the vegetation of slope sites. 5 type plant mixtures(tree type, forest type, native herbaceous plant type, foreign herbaceous plant type, and cool-season turfgrass type) and 3 different tackifibers (Guar tackifibers, Polyarchrylamide tackifibers and Cellulose methyl starch) were treated with 3 replications on the experimented slope. The germination and coverage rate were high on native and foreign herbaceous plants and low on cool-season turfgrass, forest and tree types. We could notice that herbaceous plant types were effective on the vegetation of slope in the short term. Because tree or forest type vegetations similar to natural plant habitat, however, were preferable on slope vegetation in the long term, tree species of high germination rate should be selected in this experiment for tree or forest type slope vegetations. Tackifiber treatments increased the germination rate during the early treatment stage. However, the effect of tackifiber treatment on germination rate was decreased on the elapse of time. Guar tackifiber treatment was most effective on the vegetation of slope. As far as soil erosion control was concerned, all tackifiber treatments were effective compared to control.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.25 no.12
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• pp.1689-1699
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• 2016

The growth conditions of planted trees, invasion of nuisance herbaceous species, competition between species, and effects of erosion control were monitored over five years in a riparian greenspace in Gapyeong County that was established through multilayered and grouped ecological planting. Of 156 trees planted in the upper and middle layers, 5.8% died. This tree death was attributed to poor drainage or aeration in the rooting zone from the clay-added root ball and too deep planting as well as a small-sized root ball and scanty fine roots. Of all the trees, 21.6% grew poorly due to transplant stress in the first year after planting, but they started to grow vigorously in the third year. This good growth was largely associated with soil improvement before planting, selection of appropriate tree species based on growth ground, and control of dryness and invasive climbing plants through surface mulching and multilayered/grouped planting. Mixed planting of fast-growing species as temporary trees was desirable for accelerating planting effect and increasing planting density. Thinning of fast-growing trees was required in the fifth year after planting to avoid considerable competition with target species. To reduce the invasion of herbaceous and climbing plants that oppress normal growth of planted trees, higher density planting of trees (crown opening of about 15%), woodchip mulching to a 10-cm depth, and edge planting 2 m wide were more effective than lower density planting (crown opening of 70%), no surface mulching, and no edge planting, respectively. This reduction effect was especially great during the first three years after planting. Nuisance herbaceous plants rarely invaded higher density planting with woodchip mulching over the five years. Higher density planting or woodchip mulching also showed much greater erosion control through rainfall interception and buffering than lower density planting with no mulching did. Based on these results, desirable planting and management strategies are suggested to improve the functions of riparian greenspaces.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.61-71
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• 2016

The purpose of the research is to identify the optimal seeding quantity of Lespedeza cyrtobotrya and Indigofera pseudo-tinctoria as leguminous woody plants for the cut-slope revegetation. To investigate the coverage ratio and appearance frequency, we divided Lespedeza cyrtobotrya and Indigofera pseudo-tinctoria into five treatment groups with various quantities of $0.0g/m^2$, $1.0g/m^2$, $2.4g/m^2$, $3.8g/m^2$, and $5.2g/m^2$. For each treatment group, we mixed the identical quantities of herbaceous flowers (Lotus corniculatus var. japonicus, Dianthus sinensis, Aster yomena and Pennisetum alopecuroides) seeds and cool-season turfgrasses (Festuca arundinacea and Poa pratensis) seeds. In this result, as the seeding quantity of Lespedeza cyrtobotrya and Indigofera pseudo-tinctoria increased in the spray, the coverage ratio for leguminous woody plants appeared to increase whereas the coverage ratio decreased in herbaceous flowers and cool-season turfgrasses. However, when the seeding quantity of Lespedeza cyrtobotrya and Indigofera pseudo-tinctoria exceeded $3.8g/m^2$ in the spray, the coverage ratio of leguminous woody plants rather decreased compared to four treatment groups less than $3.8g/m^2$ seeding ratio. Based on the longitudinal data of coverage ratio in five treatment groups, we observed the gradual process of a short-term succession in which the dominant species shifted in the following order: First, cool-season turfgrasses; Second, herbaceous flowers; Third, leguminous woody plants. Comparing the appearance frequency of Lespedeza cyrtobotrya and Indigofera pseudo-tinctoria, Lespedeza cyrtobotrya appeared more frequent in 2014 whereas Indigofera pseudo-tinctoria appeared to be relatively more frequent in 2015. As a result, Indigofera pseudo-tinctoria was discovered to be a dominant species among woody plants. In this study, we observed that the optimal seeding quantity of Lespedeza cyrtobotrya and Indigofera pseudo-tinctoria was $2.4g/m^2{\sim}3.8g/m^2$. Moreover, the coverage ratio of 29.1%~35.4% and appearance frequency of 4.6plants~5.8plants were found in the condition of optimal seeding quantity.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.51-61
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• 2011

Germination tests were conducted to determine the practical concentration levels at which plants can reproduce naturally during the phytoremediation of soils contaminated with a high concentration of petroleum hydrocarbons and heavy metals. The effects of humic acids on plant growth and soil physicochemical properties were also investigated. The results show that phytoremediation can be applied in soils contaminated by multiple contaminants at the former soil contamination potential level of Korean soil quality standards considering successful natural reproduction. It was observed that germination rates of Helianthus annuus and Festuca arundinacea were high after all treatments, and transplantation was more appropriate for Phragmites communis in phytoremediation. Humic acids had a positive effect on the growth of both aboveground and belowground biomass of herbaceous plants. Growth inhibition by multiple contaminants is more severe in the case of aboveground biomass. Germination and growth tests suggest that Helianthus annuus is a suitable phytoremediation plant for soils contaminated with a high concentration of petroleum hydrocarbons and heavy metals. The addition of humic acids also caused changes in the physicochemical properties of contaminated soils. An increase in the carbon and nitrogen content due to the addition of humic acids and a correlation between cation exchange capacity(CEC) and the organic matter content were observed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.97-107
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• 2015

Research was initiated to investigate a vegetation characteristics of the species of ground cover plants mixed with herbeceous and woody plants on a cut slope. 4 different ground cover plants (Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens, Pennisetum alopecuroides, Festuca arundinacea and Zoysia japonica) were seeded at the same rate of $10.0g/m^2$ with herbaceous plants (Lotus corniculatus var. japonicus, Dianthus sinensis, Aster yomena, Chrysanthemum zawadskii and Coreopsis drummondii L) at the total seeding rate of $7.5g/m^2$ and native woody plants (Lespedeza bicolor Turcz, Indigofera pseudo-tinctoria and Albizzia julibrissin) at the total seeding rate of $7.5g/m^2$, respectively. This experiment was treated with 3 replications on a randomized block design. Data such as surface coverage rate(%), the germinating number, plant height and visual quality were analyzed. There were no statistic differences observed in the soil hardness and the soil moisture content while a significant difference was observed in the surface coverage rate and the germinating number. The surface coverage rate and the germinating number were significantly high in the Pennisetum alopecuroides plot when compared with the Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens plot, the Festuca arundinacea plot and the Zoysia japonica plot, respectively from the viewpoint of ground covers. Especially, the surface coverage rate was considerably low in the Festuca arundinacea plot. However, the surface coverage rate and the germinating number were no statistic differences observed in this treatment from the viewpoint of herbaceous and woody plants. Also, both of the plant height and visual quality were high in the Pennisetum alopecuroides plot when compared with the Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens plot, the Festuca arundinacea plot and the Zoysia japonica plot, respectively. We concluded that Pennisetum alopecuroides was the optimum plant from the treated ground covers mixed with native woody and herbaceous plants for the balanced emergence from the viewpoint of the ecological slope vegetation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.115-127
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• 2012

This study was conducted on the measurement of soil hardness through a hardness testing machine in slopes of natural environments and artificial environments which is generally known as slope revegetation. The soil hardness as one of physicochemical soil properties is significantly associated with plant growth. Although another studies related to the slope revegetation was focused on herbaceous plants, studies related to soil properties for arbor appearance is lack. It was focused on the correlation analysis between the soil hardness and the plant appearance. the results were as follows : The higher the soil hardness is, the less the appearance of plants is as a result of survey. Species appearing in the high levels of the soil hardness represented mugwort and grass. The levels of the soil hardness in the slope of natural environments was good environmental conditions with various plants in the range of 6 to 12mm. The levels of the soil hardness in the slope revegetation was in the 6.88-30mm range. The soil hardness below 21mm showed a variety of plants with arbors and herbaceous plants, whereas it above 21mm represented a monotonous style of plant structure including Artemisia princeps, Lolium perenne, Poa pratensis L and Setaria viridis. The result of the correlation analysis between the soil hardness and the plant appearance was negatively correlated with justifiable significance levels. The result of a logistic regression analysis for tree appearance was statistically proved when the numerical value of the soil hardness is lower.