• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.183-188
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• 1998

Changes of chemical and physical properties of the butchery waste compost were assessed when the wastepaper was used as a bulking agent (BP). Temperature of compost, with frequent turnover, was increased up to $83^{\circ}C$ even during the winter. Canon exchange capacity of the compost was increased with composting time, but pH, water content, total carbon, total nitrogen, C/N ratio and salt concentration were decreased to the extents showing a convergency. Heavy metal contents of BP-192 were lower than the standard criteria. Germination rate of cucumber seed, when BP-34 and BP-96 composts were applied more than 15 g, was under 40%, but those of BP-143 and BP-192 were 100%, irrespective of the amounts of compost used. The C/N ratio of the matured compost was 8.6. Results indicated that wastepaper might be employed as a bulking agent for butchery wastes composting.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.33-41
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• 2018

Large amounts of leaves from street trees fall onto the streets annually and need to be cleaned and treated. Cherry trees are common street trees in Korea. The adsorption characteristics of Pb(II) by cherry leaf (CL) and cherry leaf-derived biochar (CB) were studied through a series of batch experiments. CB was produced through the carbonization of CL at $800^{\circ}C$ for 90 min. Carbonization increased the C content and pH value, while decreased H and O contents. Well developed pore structure was observed at the surface of CB. The pseudo-second order model better described the kinetics of Pb(II) adsorption onto CL and CB, indicating that the rate-limiting step of the heavy metal sorption is chemical sorption. Fast adsorption rates and high adsorption capacities were obtained by the carbonization from CL to CB. Langmuir models better adequately described the Pb(II) adsorption onto CL and CB. Maximum adsorption capacities of Pb(II) expressed by Langmuir constant, $Q^0$ were 37.31 mg/g and 94.34 mg/g, when CL and CB were used as adsorbents, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.301-311
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• 2015

Objectives: Operators of overhead traveling crane in a ship assembly factory perform work to transmit large vessel blocks to an appropriate working process. Hazardous matters such as metal dusts, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, ozone, loud noise and fine particles are generated by variable working activities in the factory. The operators could be exposed to the hazardous matters during the work. In particular, welding fumes comprised of ultra fine particles and heavy metals is extremely hazardous for humans when exposing a pulmonary through respiratory pathway. Occupational lung diseases related to welding fumes are increasingly on an upward tendency. Therefore, the objective of this study is to assess properly unknown occupational exposure to the welding fumes among the operators. Methods: This study intended to clearly determine an equivalence check whether or not chemical constituents and composition of the dusts, which existed in the driver's cab, matched up with generally known welding fumes. Furthermore, computational fluid dynamics program(CFD) was used to identify a ventilation assessment in respect of a contamination distribution of welding fumes in the air. The operators were investigated to assess personal exposure levels of welding fumes and respirable particulate. Results: The dust in an operation room were the same constituents and composition as welding fumes. Welding fumes, which caused by the welding in a floor of the factory, arose with an ascending air current up to a roof and then stayed for a long time. They were considered to be exposed to the welding fumes in the operation room. The personal exposure levels of welding fumes and respirable particulate were 0.159(n=8, range=0.073-0.410) $mg/m^3$ and 0.138(n=8, range=0.087-0.178) $mg/m^3$, respectively. They were lower than a threshold limit value level($5mg/m^3$) of welding fumes. Conclusions: These findings indicate that an occupational exposure to welding fumes can exist among the operators. Consequently, we need to be keeping the operators under a constant assessment in the operator process of overhead traveling crane.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.10 no.7
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• pp.985-989
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• 1999

Silica($SiO_2$) thin film was synthesized by a low pressure metal organic chemical vapor deposition(LPMOCVD) using organic silane compound. Triethyl orthosilicate was used as a source material. Operation pressure was 1~100 torr at outlet of the reactor and deposition temperature was $600{\sim}900^{\circ}C$. The experimental results showed that the high reaction temperature and high source gas concentration led to higher growth rate of $SiO_2$. The step coverage of films on micro-scale trenches was fairly good, which resulted from the phenomena that the condensed oligomers flow into the trenches. We estimated a reaction path that the source gas polymerizes and produces oligomers (dimer, trimer, tetramer, etc.), which diffuse and condense on the solid surface. The chemical species in the gas phase at the outlet of reactor tube were analyzed by quadrapole mass spectrometer. The peaks, assigned to be monomer, dimer of source gas and geavier molecules, were observed at 650 or $700^{\circ}C$. At higher temperature($900^{\circ}C$), the peaks of the heavy molecules disappeared, because almost all the source gas and intermediate(polymerized oligomer) molecules were oxidized or condensed on colder tube wall.

• Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.79-86
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• 2015

Korean territories has formed about 70% of mountainous areas that have acidified serious level to average pH 4-5. There are a number of abandoned metal mines about 1,000 in Korea. However, mine tailings and waste rock included heavy metals are exposed to long-term environment without prevention facility or treatment system. Thus, ongoing management and monitoring of soil environment are required. Most of abandoned mine scattered in forest areas of slopes. Soil erosion due to continuous rainfall in the slopy areas can cause the secondary pollution by the influence eutrophication of water system and the productivity loss of the plant. Therefore, this study would like to estimate pH leaching rate by artificial rainfall using waste neutralization-agent in lysimeter. Moreover, the potentially of secondary pollution related to precipitation is figured out through the experiments, and the optimal planting methods would examinate after neutralizing treatment in soil. Experiments composed three kinds of lysimeter; lysimeter 1 had filled only acidic soil, lysimeter 2 had neutralized soil, and lysimeter 3 had planting plants after neutralized soil. In the results, lysimeter 2 showed the lowest pH leaching, and there is not specific relativity with pH leaching of the seasonal characteristics.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.449-457
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• 2015

Objectives: In Korea, the system of management of medical waste largely relies on the incineration method. Our study aimed to identify any regional imbalances between the generation and treatment of medical waste, and provide reference data for future policy in Korea. Methods: We analyzed data on the amount of medical waste from 2,000 hospitals in 2012, 2013, and 2014 obtained from the Korea Environment Corporation. In the Arc GIS program (version 10.2.3), the addresses of hospitals and incinerators were transformed into map coordinates. The amount of waste generated by each hospital and the amount incinerated were represented by density and size of a triangle symbol, respectively. Results: As of 2014, the total amount of medical waste from the top 2,000 hospitals was 136,073 tons, out of which about half (49%) was generated in the capital area. Eleven incineration companies (three in the capital area, two in the Chungcheong Provinces area, one in the Jeolla Provinces area, and five in the Gyeongsang Provinces area) treated this waste. For the years 2012, 2013, and 2014, about 60% of the medical waste generated from the hospitals in the capital area was treated within the capital area and about 40% was transported to other areas, especially the Gyeongsang Provinces area, for treatment. On the other hand, about 90% of the medical waste incinerated in the capital area originated from the capital area. Conclusion: Our results suggest a spatial imbalance between the generation and treatment of medical waste in Korea and warrants multilateral policies, including the expansion of on-site treatment, strengthening regulation of the containment of medical wastes, promoting reductions in medical waste and more.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.11-23
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• 1989

This study was performed to investigate present water quality and pollution characteristics of them in the basin area of the Mankyung river near Chonju urban stream. In order to obtain the pollution characteristics of this investigation, the physio-chemical water analysis as temperature, pH, DO, BOD, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn, and coliform group and their correlation analysis were determined from March to August 1988. The main results were summarized as follows 1. Each chemical constituent detected in three streams has the following variation range as pH(6.7-7.3), DO(1.3-8.9 mg/l), BOD(1.6-162.5mg/l) and water temperature was dominated by atmospheric temperature. 2. In three streams, concentration range of heavy metal was Cd N.D.-2.8 $\mu$g/l, Cu 1.1-10.2 $\mu$g/l, Pb 2.1-13.2 $\mu$g/l and Zn 25.6-62.2 $\mu$g/l, and was shown the order of Zn, Pb, Cu and Cd. 3. In the investigation on the bacteriological pollution-in the three streams. 1) The average number of general bacteria contaminated in the Chonju urban stream was $1.7 \times 10^{5}$ numbers/ml, which was higher than $2.6 \times 10^{2}$ numbers/ml, in the Gosan stream and 1.6 $\times$ 10 numbers/ml in the Mankyung river. 2) The average number of total coliform, fecal coliform and fecal streptococcus contaminated in the Chonju urban stream which was the highest polluted site than those of the other sampling sites were respectively $2.1 \times 10^{5}$, $2.1 \times 10^{5}$ and $9.6 \times 10^{4}$ MPN/100ml. 4. Correlation coefficient between GB and TC in the Chonju stream, Gosan stream and Mankyung river was respectively 0.99, 0.96 and 0.99, Correlation coefficient between TC and FC in Chonju stream, Gosan stream and Mankyung river was respectively 0.99, 0.97 and 0.99 and correlation coefficient between FC and TC was respectively 0.99, 0.91 and 0.99. This results mean positively dose relationship between them. 5. The occupied percentage of FC of TC in the Chonju stream, Gosan stream and Mankyung river was respectively 88.1%, 68.4% and 77.9% and the percentage of Tc of TS was respectively 43.5%, 31.6% and 41.4%. These .results was considered indicative of pollution derived from domestic wastes which had been contaminated by the feces of inhabitants and domestic animals.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.28-44
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• 2015

Granite soil has been used traditionally as a school playground surface. Natural turf has also been used in some schools. Recently artificial turf has come into common use instead of granite soil or natural turf. Artificial turf playgrounds are used at 174 schools in Seoul, Korea. More than 3,500 artificial turf fields are installed in the United States. Because of the increase of artificial turf usage, there are many studies about the estimation of artificial turf effects to environment. Compared with artificial turf material effects such as characterization of substances released from material, and recognition of volatility of heavy metal into the surrounding environment - air or the percolating rainwater -, less studies for thermal effects of artificial turf playground have been done. Especially, the corresponding studies in Korea are few. Thus, the purpose of this research is to compare the thermal effects of artificial turf on school playground between natural turf and granite soil. In this study, air temperature and Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) were compared in three scenarios by Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model. Additionally, the results were validated through a field measurement. Air temperature decreasing effects by natural turf are greater than those by artificial turf and granite soil at 14:30 on 20th, July 2011. It shows the same decreasing effects at 23:30. However, the difference is less than that of daytime. PMV differences between natural turf and the other two surface covers are large at daytime while those are much less at nighttime. Consequently, air temperature and PMV of artificial turf are the highest among three school playground surface pavements.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.19-26
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• 2010

The batch experiments and response surface methodology (RSM) have been applied to the investigation of the cadmium (Cd) adsorption by coal fly ash (CFA). CFA having maximum Cd removal mass of 8.51 mg/g were calculated from Langmuir model. Cd removal reaction with different initial pH ranged from 4 to 9. When the initial pH was higher, Cd was removed more by adsorption and precipitation. These results suggest that the lower pH cause an increase of $H^+$ ion concentration which competed with Cd ions for exchange sites in CFA. Also, The Cd adsorption was mathematically described as a function of parameters initial Cd concentration ($X_1$), initial pH ($X_2$), and initial CFA mass ($X_3$) being modeled by use of the Box-Behnken methods. Empirical models were developed to describe relationship between the experimental variables and response. Statistical analysis indicates that tree factors ($X_1$, $X_2$, and $X_3$) on the linear term (main effects), and tree factors ($X_1X_2$, $X_1X_3$, and $X_2X_3$) on the non-linear term (Interaction effect; cross-product) had significant effects, respectively. In this case, the value of the adjusted determination coefficient (adjusted $R^2=0.9280$) was closed to 1, showing a high significance of the model. Statistical results showed the order of Cd removal at experimental factors to be initial initial pH > initial Cd concentration > initial CFA mass.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.14 no.11
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• pp.65-71
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• 2013

Despite of the various merits of soil pavement, it has not been widely adapted because portland cement was conventionally used as soil stabilizer to improve the mechanical properties such strength parameters. Recently, natural soil stabilizer(NSS) were developed and virtually adopted to several case of soil pavement construction under control of heavy metal pollution compared to cement-used cases. However, the application of natural soil stabilizer is not settled yet, and empirical design have been widely adopted. In this study, therefore, the strength parameter of soil-NSS mixture was estimated by some triaxial compression tests, CU-test. From the tests, the relationship between curing period and strength parameter such as internal friction and effective cohesion was examined. As a result, effective cohesion of dredged clay and granite soil increased as curing time is increased. However, internal friction is almost same result in all soil type used in this study.