• The Journal of Korean Medical History
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.99-120
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• 2014

Purpose : There are two types of sleep disturbance: inability to sleep (不眠) and somnolence (多眠). This study is to examine treatments of the two types of sleep disturbance in the Books of Cold Damage and how those theories were established and formed. Methods : 1. Verses including the words related to inability to sleep and somnolence were extracted from "Treatise on Cold Damage Diseases" (傷寒論). 2. Among the Books on Cold Damages that are classified according to the symptoms, 17 books with contents related to inability to sleep and somnolence were selected to collect and classify data in three perspectives: mechanism of disease (病機), method of treatment (治法) and disease pattern (病證). 3. Data collected through the above methods were compared and diagramed. Results & Conclusions : 1. On Cold Damage, inability to sleep is mostly rooted when human body lacks yin energy while having excessive yang energy (陽盛陰虛) due to fire and heat (火熱). The reason could be misuse of perspiration inducing method (汗法) or purgation (下法) on the doctors' part. 2. On Cold Damage, somnolence is rooted when pathogen (邪氣) is spread to yin meridians (陰經) and the human body lacks yang while having excessive yin energy (陰盛陽虛) or when heat (熱邪) is invaded into interior parts (裏部). 3. Many scholars of Cold Damage in later periods had copied the "Treatise on Cold Damage Diseases" for treatments of sleep disturbance but many others have applied the verses from "Treatise on Cold Damage Diseases" or added new treatments. Do jeol-am (陶節庵) and Wang Geung-dang (王肯堂) particularly had deep understanding on "Treatise on Cold Damage Diseases" and utilized the content freely or suggested new remedies because they had thorough knowledge on relating formula as well.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.93-100
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• 2021

The objective of this research is to evaluate of fire damage for steel-concrete composite bridge superstructure and PSC bridge superstructure under highway bridge exposed to fire loading. To enhance the accuracy and efficiency of the numerical analysis, the proposed heat flow fire analysis method is implemented in ANSYS. The proposed heat flow analysis method is applied to fire damage analysis and performance evaluation for Buchen and Yangsan highway bridge. The result of analysis, temperature of concrete slab and lower flange of steel-concrete composite bridge superstructure are exceed the critical temperature. Also, temperature of slab, lower and upper flange, web of PSC bridge superstructure are exceed the critical temperature. However, the major component, tendon, did not exceed the critical temperature.

• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.669-676
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• 2024

This study aims to evaluate battery damage and heat transfer mechanisms through fire tests on lithium-ion batteries, and to explore ways to improve the efficiency and safety of battery management systems (BMS). Temperature changes in each sector are measured at points T1, T2, and T3 observing and recording the reactions of surrounding cells for 10 minutes after applying electricity to the ignition electrode. The results show that the batteries in sectors A and B fully ignite, causing severe physical damage, while the batteries in sector C do not ignite and sustain minimal damage. This confirms that the distance between sectors plays a crucial role in reducing ignition and heat propagation. The study suggests that considering the distance between sectors in the design of thermal management systems for lithium-ion batteries can significantly mitigate ignition and heat spread. Future experiments with various battery models and conditions will further propose the ways to enhance the efficiency and safety of BMS.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.103-109
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• 2009

It was described in "Somun Jogyeongron" that Eum(Yin)-Yang' deficiency, excess and exuberance. According to "Somun Jogyeongron", It was known that the syndrome of Yang deficiency and exuberance is belong to external contraction, Eum deficiency and exuberance is belong to internal damage. The syndrome of Yang deficiency is belong to Gyejitang[contraction of wind] which constitutional weakness as the main etiological factor of deficiency conditions. The syndrome of Yang exuberance is belong to Mahwangtang[cold damage] which constitutional strong as the main etiological factor of exuberance conditions. Eum deficiency is so dysfunction of the spleen and stomach that Eum fluid and essence is not engender, distributed. So the dysfunction of spleen and stomach makes dampness-heat obstruction and then makes Internal heat at last. The syndrome of Eum deficiency is applicable to bojungikgitang. As contrasted with Eum deficiency, Eum exuberance is occurred cold-dampness obstruction, which we call 'Eum exuberance'. The syndrome of Yang exuberance is applicable to Ijungtang. In the light of "Somun Jogyongron", We explain that the syndrome of Yin deficiency and Yin exuberance, which was caused by dampness-heat, cold-dampness obstruction and internal damage based on disorder of the spleen and stomach.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.221-231
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• 2007

Recent researches have shown that important cellular-based autoprotective mechanisms are mediated by heat-shock proteins(HSPs), also called 'molecular chaperones'. HSPs as molecular chaperones are the primary cellular defense mechanism against damage to the proteome, initiating refolding of denatured proteins and regulating degradation after severe protein damage. HSPs also modulate multiple events within apoptotic pathways to help sustain cell survival following damaging stimuli. HSPs are induced by almost every type of stresses including physical and psychological stresses. Our nervous system in the brain are more vulnerable to stress and damage than any other tissues due to HSPs insufficiency. The normal function of HSPs is a key factor for endogenous stress adaptation of neural tissues. HSPs play an important role in the process of neurodevelopment, neurodegeneration, and neuroendocrine regulation. The altered function of HSPs would be associated with the development of several neuropsychiatric disorders. Therefore, an understanding of HSPs activities could help to improve autoprotective mechanism of our neural system. This paper will review the literature related to the significance of HSPs in neuropsychiatric field.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.485-488
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• 2008

Fire intensity in tunnel fire is very severe, which might cause the spalling on the surface of shotcrete and concrete lining exposed to the heat as well as rapidly-reducing stress due to heat transfer by steel material such as anchor embedded in tunnel which plays the critical role in securing the stability of the tunnel. In this study, a fire test to identity the heat intensity(Modifired Hydrocarbon Curve) and the fire resistance of steel materials embedded as parameters, was carried out. And the evaluation to identify the thermal damage, which was based on critical temperature range for thermal damage of steel materials determined according to the road tunnel fire resistance standard established by ITA(International Tunneling Association).

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.309-316
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• 2021

Due to the rigid nature of the silicon carbide fiber(SiC), fiber damage occurs from the friction during the carding process. This damage not only lowers the spun yarn yield, but also lowers the heat resistance of the spun yarn, so that ultra-high heat resistant yarn cannot be manufactured. Therefore, in the carding process where the most friction between fiber and machine(wire, etc.) occurs, some factors were modified and tested, and as a result of measuring the change in physical properties, fiber damage decreased due to the wire angle or wire density, resulting in improved yield. The test method used to measure the yield of SiC fiber was the carbonization method, and the content of SiC fibers was calculated using the remaining amount after carbonization. Carbonization test was performed at air condition, 700℃, and for 2 hours. Analysis by SEM-EDX showed that the carbide was consistent with the composition of the SiC fiber.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.1006-1013
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• 2021

Objective: Cells have increased susceptibility to activation of apoptosis when suffering heat stress (HS). An effective supplementation strategy to mimic heat-induced apoptosis of bovine mammary epithelial cells (MECs) is necessary to maintain optimal milk production. This study aimed to investigate possible protective effects of the anti-apoptotic activity of 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) against HS-induced damage of bovine MECs. Methods: Bovine MECs were pretreated with or without 5-ALA at concentrations of 10, 100, and 500 µM for 24 h followed by HS (42.5℃ for 24 h and 48 h). Cell viability was measured with 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assays. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting were used to explore the regulation of genes associated with apoptosis, oxidative stress, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress genes. Results: We found that 5-ALA induces cytoprotection via inhibition of apoptosis markers after HS-induced damage. Pretreatment of bovine MECs with 5-ALA resulted in dramatic upregulation of mRNA for nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like factor 2, heme oxygenase-1, and NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1, all of which are antioxidant stress genes. Moreover, 5-ALA pretreatment significantly suppressed HS-induced ER stress-associated markers, glucose-regulated protein 78, and C/EBP homologous protein expression levels. Conclusion: 5-ALA can ameliorate the ER stress in heat stressed bovine MEC via enhancing the expression of antioxidant gene.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.29 no.7
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• pp.773-784
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• 2020

In order to protect the lives and property of citizens, the central and local governments are responding by enacting municipal ordinances and regulations as the frequency of extreme weather conditions due to climate change increases and intensity increases gradually. Accordingly, the basic contents and strategies of domestic and foreign policies to cope with cold and heat waves were reviewed, referring to measures suitable for application to the Daegu metropolitan area. In addition, it is intended to provide a policy alternative to Daegu metropolitan area to minimize damage from extreme weather by identifying the current status, characteristics, and future prospects of extreme weather in Daegu metropolitan area. Since the damage caused by the cold wave in Daegu area is not as great as that of other regions, it is urgent to come up with cold wave measures for the health and transportation sectors, and to come up with measures against the heat wave as the damage caused by the heat wave is the most serious in the country. Also we will identify spatial characteristics so that the districts and counties with high vulnerability to extreme weather can be identified and implemented first, and present civic life-oriented facilities and civic action guidelines to overcome cold and heat waves.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.11-22
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• 2008

The goal of this study is to provide beauticians with the fundamental material to use effectively heat permanent wave in beauty industry as well as their customer's satisfaction. It carried out an experiment with damaged hair of a woman in her late twenties to investigate the change of physical and morphological characteristics by its water content when performing heat permanent wave. After spreading 0g, 1g, 2g, 3g, and 4g of water on damaged hair respectively, heat permanent wave was treated and the change of hair was observed. The change of physical characteristic was compared through permanent wave form of hair, tensile strength and elongation. The change of morphological characteristic was observed through Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscope(TEM). The result of experiment on the physical specificity revealed that permanent wave form was the most ideal when the water content was 2g, also 3g. Though the materials with much moisture content formed the results were not satisfied. The material with 0g of water content didn't make the wave. In terms of tensile strength and elongation, tensile strength was generally reduced as per the damaged degree of hair. On the contrary, elongation was increased. It observed the changes of morphological characteristic that the damage on hair cuticle was deepen, as its moisture content was decreased, and cuticle's surface was worn away. The observation of fine structure on hair section by transmission electronic microscope also certainly showed the result that damaged hair having experience with chemical treatment had got much damaged to hair cuticle as well as hair cortex. Generally chemical treatment makes hair damaged. Under consideration of this aspect, the ultimate goal of this thesis is to minimize the damage of hair caused by chemical treatment and get the satisfaction on the hair style. According to the result of experiment, the damaged hair whose moisture content was 3g showed the best permanent wave form.