• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.305-323
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• 2012

The ocean's response to the Pinatubo and 1259 volcanic eruptions was investigated using an ocean general circulation model equipped with an energy balance model. Volcanic eruptions release gases into the atmosphere which increases the aerosol optical depth and acts to reduce the incoming short-wave radiation. For example, there was a huge volcanic eruption (Pinatubo) in 1991 which reduced the global mean radiative forcing by about 3 W $m^{-2}$. Two numerical experiments were simulated. The first experiment features the Pinatubo eruption and the second experiment simulates the much larger volcanic eruption that occurred in 1259 when the radiative forcing was reduced by 7 times compared to the Pinatubo event. With the reduced radiative forcing due to the Pinatubo eruption at about 3 W $m^{-2}$ and 1259 eruption at about 21 W $m^{-2}$, the global mean sea surface temperature (SST) decreased to its lowest in the second year after each event by about $0.4^{\circ}C$ and $1.6^{\circ}C$, respectively. Sea surface salinity (SSS) increased substantially in the northern North Pacific, northern North Atlantic, and the Southern Ocean. The reduced SST together with SSS increased ocean convection, which yielded an increase in North Atlantic Deep Water, Antarctic Bottom Water, and North Pacific Intermediate Water production and their outflows. The increase in overturning circulation eventually increased the pole-ward ocean heat fluxes. In conclusion, huge volcanic eruptions perturb the ocean substantially and their hallmarks last for more than a decade, confirming the importance of volcanic eruptions in illustrating the decadal-climate variability recorded in the paleoclimate proxy data for the past million years.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.676-680
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• 2005

This study investigated the effect of thawing rate on the physicochemical properties of frozen ostrich meat. Five different thawing rates (0.33, 0.54, 0.61, 0.68, and 0.78 cm/h) were delivered by controlling the air velocity as heat convection at $15^{\circ}C$. The pH value decreased with increasing thawing rate (p<0.05). In color measurement, $L^*$-values of all treatments were lower and $b^*$-values higher than those of control, but $a^*$-values were not significantly different among the treatments except at the thawing rate of 0.33 cm/h. Increasing thawing rate tended to improve the water holding capacity (WHC) of the samples. Thawing loss decreased with increasing thawing rate and significantly higher cooking loss was observed at the thawing rate of 0.33 cm/h. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) levels of all treatments were significantly higher than that of control (p<0.05). Increasing thawing rate tended to decrease the total volatile basic nitrogen (TVBN) value. These results indicated that a rapid thawing process at $15^{\circ}C$ improved the quality of frozen ostrich meat.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.134-142
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• 2011

Although combustion is essential in most energy generation processes, it is one of the major causes of air pollution. Exhaust pipes with circular fin were designed to study the effect of cooling the recirculated exhaust gases (EGR) of Diesel engines on the chemical composition of the exhaust gases and the reduction in the percentages of pollutant emissions. The gases examined in this study were oxides of nitrogen (NOx), carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) and carbon monoxide (CO). In addition, $O_2$ concentration in the exhaust was measured. The designs adopted in this study were about exhaust pipes with solid and hollow fins around them direct surface force measurement in water using a nano size colloidal probe technique. The direct force measurement between colloidal surfaces has been an essential topic in both theories and applications of surface chemistry. As particle size is decreased from micron size down to true Carbon nano Colloid size (<10 nm), surface forces are increasingly important. Nano particles at close proximity or high solids loading are expected to show a different behavior than what can be estimated from continuum and mean field theories. The current tools for directly measuring interaction forces such as a surface force apparatus or atomic force microscopy (AFM) are limited to particles much larger than nano size. This paper use Water and CNC fluid at normal cooling system of EGR. Experimental result showed all good agreement at Re=$2.54{\times}10^4$ by free convection and Re=$3.36{\times}10^4$ by forced air furnace.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.282-286
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• 1983

통조림 살균에서 에너지의 효율적인 사용을 위하여 열전달형태, 살균온도, 가공공관, 살균방법등의 요인에 따른 에너지 소비를 검토한 바 고온(高溫)에서 소형관형으로 살균할 때가 적은 에너지가 소비되고 있으며, 이러한 차이는 대류형(對流型) 열전달식품(熱傳達食品)보다 전도형(傳導型) 열전달식품(熱傳達食品)의 살균(殺菌)에 현저하였다. 열수살균으로는 증기살균에 비해 전도형 식품의 살균에 적은 에너지를 소비하였으나, 대류형 식품에서는 효과적이지 못하였다. 본 실험에서의 여러 조건별 에너지 소비 data는 현장에서의 에너지 소비예측, 에너지 사용설계 등의 여러목적에 적용될 수 있는 것으로 판단된다.

• 대한설비공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한설비공학회 2008년도 하계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.919-924
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• 2008

Power consumption in the building thermal load could be the sum of the building fabric conduction load, building ventilation convection load and other such as radiation loss load. Dynamic Breathing Building (DBB) is the state-of-the-art to improve the wall insulation and indoor air quality(IAQ) performance as making air flow through the wall. This heat recovery type DBB contributes the power consumption saving due to the improved dynamic U-value. KIER twin test cell with static insulation(SI) and dynamic insulation(DI) at KIER was developed to test building power consumption at the real outside conditions. Then, the actual results were compared with the theory to predict the power consumption at the KIER twin test cell and introduced the building new radiation loss factor $\alpha$ to explain the difference between the both the theory and the actual case. As the results, the power consumption at the breathing DI wall building could saved 10.8% at the 2ACH(Air change per hour) compared with conventional insulation. The building radiation loss factor $\alpha$ for this test condition to calibrate the actual test was 0.55 in the test condition.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.437-450
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• 1996

A set of stability equations is formulated for natural convection flows adjacent to a vertical isothermal surface melting in cold pure water. It takes account of the nonparallelism of the base flows. The melting rate is regarded as a blowing velocity at the ice surface. The numerical solutions of the linear stability equations which constitute a two-point boundary value problem are accurately obtained for various values of the density extremum parameter $R=(T_m-T_{\infty})/(T_0-T_{\infty})$ in the range $0.3{\leq}R{\leq}0.6$, by using a computer code COLNEW. The blowing effects on the base flow becomes more significant as ambient temperature ($T_{\infty}$) increases to $T_{\infty}=10^{\circ}C$. The maximum decrease of heat transfer rate is about 6.4 percent. The stability results show that the melting at surface causes the critical Grashof number $G^*$ and the maximum frequency of disturbances to decrease. In comparision with the results for the conventional parallel flow model, the nonparallel flow model has a higher critical Grashof number but has lower amplification rates of disturbances than does the parallel flow model. The spatial amplification contours exhibit that the selective frequency $B_0$ of the nonparallel flow model is higher than that of the parallel flow model and that the effects of melting are rather small. The present study also indicates that the selective frequency $B_0$ can be easily predicted by the value of the frequency parameter $B^*$ at $G^*$, which comes from the neutral stability results of the nonparallel flow model.

• International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.199-213
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• 2017

Chloride penetration is among the main causes of corrosion initiation in reinforced concrete (RC) structures producing premature degradations. Weather and exposure conditions directly affect chloride ingress mechanisms and therefore the operational service life and safety of RC structures. Consequently, comprehensive chloride ingress models are useful tools to estimate corrosion initiation risks and minimize maintenance costs for RC structures placed under chloride-contaminated environments. This paper first presents a coupled thermo-hydro-chemical model for predicting chloride penetration into concrete that accounts for realistic weather conditions. This complete numerical model takes into account multiple factors affecting chloride ingress such as diffusion, convection, chloride binding, ionic interaction, and concrete aging. Since the complete model could be computationally expensive for long-term assessment, this study also proposes model simplifications in order to reduce the computational cost. Long-term chloride assessments of complete and reduced models are compared for three locations in France (Brest, Strasbourg and Nice) characterized by different weather and exposure conditions (tidal zone, de-icing salts and salt spray). The comparative study indicates that the reduced model is computationally efficient and accurate for long-term chloride ingress modeling in comparison to the complete one. Given that long-term assessment requires larger climate databases, this research also studies how climate models may affect chloride ingress assessment. The results indicate that the selection of climate models as well as the considered training periods introduce significant errors for mid- and long- term chloride ingress assessment.

• 드라이브 ㆍ 컨트롤
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2015

The stability of friction characteristics and thermal management for a dry type dual clutch transmission (DCT) are inferior to those of a wet clutch. Too high temperature resulting from frequent engagement of DCT speeds up degradation or serious wear of the pressure plate or burning of the clutch disk lining. Even though it is significantly important to estimate the temperature of a dry double clutch (DDC) in real-time, few meaningful study of the thermal model of DDC has been known yet. This study presented a thermal analytical model of lumped parameters for a DDC by analyzing its each component firstly. Then a series of experimental test was carried out on the test bench with a patented temperature telemetry system to validate the proposed thermal model. The thermal model, whose optimal parameter values were found by optimization algorithm, was also simulated on the experimental test conditions. The simulation results of DDC temperature show consistency with the experiment, which validates the proposed thermal model of DDC.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 2007년도 제38회 하계학술대회
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• pp.1185-1186
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• 2007

The UTM-01 developed in 1998 was the first maglev vehicle in Korea for the urban transit maglev (UTM) system. Through the improvement of UTM-01 and development of UTM02, the commercialization of the UTM system is being prepared now. In order to prepare for the commercialization of maglev, it is necessary that an optimal design of the levitation magnet should be provided for the safe operation of the vehicle. The levitation force is formed through the function of magnetic flux density on the top of magnet poles and gap between magnet pole and guide rail. To generate a magnetic field that is high enough to levitate the vehicle, ferromagnetic materials, such as pure iron for magnet pole and SS400 for guide rail, were used. The heat generated by $I^2R$ loss of magnet conductor makes the thermal convection on the surface of magnet including coil and poles. As these two characteristics are nonlinear phenomena, this paper deals with the nonlinear analysis on the magnetic and thermal properties of the U-type levitation magnet by using 3-D finite element method (FEM). Base on the analysis results, a small scale U-type magnet was designed, manufactured, and tested and it was verified that the magnet manufactured was satisfactory to all the design specifications.

• 한국지반신소재학회논문집
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.45-56
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• 2014

한대지역은 계절 변화에 따라 동결융해가 반복되는 상부의 활동층과 하부의 영하상태로 항시 유지되는 영구동토층으로 구성되어 있다. 한대지역에서 여름철에는 동결되어 있는 지반을 융해시키기 때문에 지반 강도저하 및 침하가 발생한다. 이러한 강도저하 및 침하는 상부 구조물의 구조적 안정성에 문제를 야기시켜 활동층을 포함하고 있는 한대지역에서는 지반의 온도를 항시 영하상태로 유지할 수 있는 동결지반 안정화 공법이 필요하다. 열사이펀이란 구조체 내부에 충전된 냉매의 자가적인 열순환에 의해 지반의 온도를 항시 영하상태로 유지할 수 있는 지반 안정화 공법 이다. 본 연구에서는 열사이펀의 지반 동결성능을 분석하기 위해 R-134a 냉매를 이용하여 충전율에 따른 열사이펀의 지반 온도제어를 실내실험과 수치해석을 통해 분석하고 열사이펀의 열전도율을 산정하였다.