• Current Photovoltaic Research
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.115-119
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• 2014

$Cu(In,Ga)Se_2$ (CIGS) thin films have been used as a light absorbing layer in high-efficiency solar cells. In order to improve the quality of the CIGS thin film, often selenization step is applied. Especially when the thin film was formed by non-vacuum powder process, selenization can help to induce grain growth of powder and densification of the thin film. However, selenization is not trivial. It requires either the use of toxic gas, $H_2Se$, or expensive equipment which raises the overall manufacturing cost. Herein, we would like to deliver a new, simple method for selenization. In this method, instead of using a costly two-zone furnace, use of a regular tube furnace is required and selenium is supplied by a mixture of selenium and ceramic powder such as alumina. By adjusting the ratio of selenium vs. alumina powder, selenium vaporization can be carefully controlled. Under the optimized condition, steady supply of selenium vapor was possible which was evidently shown by large grain growth of CIGS within a thin powder layer.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제50권6호
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• pp.498-503
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• 2013

Over the past decade, the feasibility of using ink-jet printing for the decoration of porcelain tiles has been explored, and significant advances have been made regarding the technologies underlying printing system and materials. An ink-jet printing system for porcelain tiles has many advantages compared with a conventional printing system, including the following: (1) it is a digital process; (2) it uses non-contact printing; (3) it allows random image generation; (4) it is a highly efficient process (reduced production cost); (5) it offers massive and continuous production; and (6) it uses inorganic pigment colorants. For these reasons, ink-jet printing systems for porcelain tiles have been commercialized and are at present rapidly spreading toceramics-leading countries such as Spain, Italy, China and Japan. We also developed a proprietary system involving a piezo-electric drop-on-demand method and an ink-circulation step. The resolution of this system is greater than 360 dpi after a heat treatment and the maximum printable width is 600 mm, even when setting the printing head unit with four digital colors (cyan, magenta, yellow, and black). In addition, we systematically developed ceramic colorant-containing inks and tile-printing technology applicable to our ink-jet printing system.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.460-470
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• 1992

BAT는 신생아를 비롯하여 동면을 취하는 동물 그리고 설치류에 주로 많은 양이 분포되어 있으며, 세포내지방산을 산화시켜 열을 방출하여 체온조절 및 에너지균형 조절자로서 중요한 역할을 하고 있다. 그러므로 에너지 균형 조절을 통한 체중 조절을 통하여 비만과 밀접한 관련성을 맺고 있는 것으로 보인다. 유전적으로 비만인 실험동물의 경우에는 주로 주위온도, 식이량과 그 구성.성분비 변화와 같은 자극에 대해 민감하게 반응을 일으키지 못해 BAT의 열생성 결함으로 비만이 초래되는 것으로 보인다. 인간의 경우에 있어서는 어느 정도 실험동물의 경우와 비슷한 양상을 보이나, 체내 BAT의 분포량이나 BAT의 연소기질인 지방산의 합성능력 등에 많은 차이점들이 있기 때문에 실험동물의 경우를 인간에게 그대로 적용시킬 수는 없다. 뿐만 아니라 인간을 대상으로 연구하는 데에는 몇가지 문제점들이 있다. 우선 사람의 나이, 성, 실험시작전 영양상태, 스트레스 정도, 유전적 배경 그리고 날씨 에 대한 적응능력에 따라서 열생성 정도가 달라지므로 실험결과에 대한 정확한 해석을 하기가 어렵다. 또한 신생아에 비해서 성인의 경우 BAT의 양이 소량이고 분산되어 있기 때문에 BAT량 결정에 어려움이 있고 열생성 정도와 에너지 소비율과 같이 BAT의 열생성 기준을 나타내는 실험방법에도 많은 문제점이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 그러므로 많은 사람을 대상으로 하여 좀더 정확한 측정방법의 개발을 통해서 열생성에 미치는 타 요인들을 배제 시켜 실험을 하여 소비되는 에너지량을 정확하게 산출하고 BAT의 열생성 기전과 자극원인을 명확히 규명한다면 비만의 치료에 많은 도움을 줄 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2007년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.292-292
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• 2007

To apply PDP panel, Soda lime glass(SLG) is cheeper than Non-alkali glass and PD-200 glass but has problems such as low strain temperature and ion diffusion by alkali metal oxide. In this paper suggest the methode that prohibits ion diffusion by deposing barrier layer on SLG. Indium thin oxide(ITO) thin films and barrier layers were prepared on SLG substrate by Rf-magnetron sputtering. These films show a high electrical resistivity and rough uniformity as compared with PD-200 glass due to the alkali ion from the SLG on diffuse to the ITO film by the heat treatment. However these properties can be improved by introducing a barrier layer of $SiO_2\;or\;Al_2O_3$ between ITO film and SLG substrate. The characteristics of films were examined by the 4-point probe, SEM, UV-VIS spectrometer, and X-ray diffraction. GDS analysis confirmed that barrier layer inhibited Na and Ka ion diffusion from SLG. Especially ITO films deposited on the $Al_2O_3$ barrier layer had higher properties than those deposited on the $SiO_2$ barrier layer.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제20권7호
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• pp.575-580
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• 2007

A 16 Mb 1T1C FeRAM device was integrated with BLT capacitors. But a lot of cells were failed randomly during the measuring the bit-line signal distribution of each cell. The reason was revealed that the grain size and orientation of the BLT thin film were severely non-uniform. And the grain size and orientation were severely affected by the process conditions of post heat treatment, especially nucleation step. The optimized annealing temperature at the nucleation step was $560^{\circ}C$. The microstructure of the BLT thin film was also varied by the annealing time at the step. The longer process time showed the finer grain size. Therefore, the uniformity of the grain size and orientation could be improved by changing the process conditions of the nucleation step. The FeRAM device without random bit-fail cell was successfully fabricated with the optimized BLT capacitor and the sensing margin in bit-line signal distribution of it was about 340 mV.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.74-86
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• 2017

Objectives : This study aimed to assess the scientific evidence for the use of Hwanglyeonhaedok-tang, a traditional herbal formula, in the treatment of rhinitis, and prepare the basis for the investigational new drug application by analyzing the experimental studies. Methods : Ten electronic databases were searched up to December, 2016 without language limitation. Experimental studies on the anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic effects of Hwanglyeonhaedok-tang against rhinitis were included. We extracted data about study design, characteristics of intervention, outcomes, and pharmacological effects from the included studies and summarized them. Results : Eight hundred and thirty-three potentially relevant studies were identified, of which 18 experimental studies met our inclusion criteria. Of 18 included studies, 5 had conducted cell viability test, and all studies had reported that Hwanglyeonhaedok-tang was non-cytotoxic. Hwanglyeonhaedok-tang exhibits anti-inflammatory effect by regulating the inflammation-related cytokines including nitric oxide(NO), prostaglandin $E_2(PGE_2)$, interleukin-6(IL-6), and tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}(TNF-{\alpha})$ in vitro and in vivo. Hwanglyeonhaedok-tang exhibits anti-allergic effect by suppressing eosinophil, and histamine levels. Hwanglyeonhaedok-tang helps in the recovery of nasal mucous membrane by supressing goblet cells, heat shock protein 70, and substance P. Conclusions : This study suggests that Hwanglyeonhaedok-tang has the potential to be developed as therapeutic agent for rhinitis. Further experimental and clinical studies needed to be performed to prove the safety and efficacy.

• 대한미생물학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.155-162
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• 1987

To determine the prevalence of antibiotic resistance in fecal E. coli and to investigate possible associations between antibiotic resistance and other plasmid-mediated virulence properties, antibiotic disk susceptibility tests for nine antibiotics were done on 141 strains of E. coli isolated from diarrheal children and well controls. Eighty two percent of the test strains were resistant to one or more antibiotics. Antibiotics to which the test strains were most resistant in descending order were ampicillin (85%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazol (60%), and cephalothin (55%). Seventy nine percent of these resistant strains were resistant to two or more antibiotics. All 141 test strains were sorted into enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), enteroadherent E. coli (EAEC) and non-pathogenic E. coli and the percentages of strains resistant to multiple antibiotics were compared. Among ETEC regardless of its source, multiple drug resistance was more frequent in strains producing heatstable enterotoxin (ST) only than in strains producing only heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) or both. In EAEC, multiple resistance was more frequently associated with strains isolated from diarrheal patients than with those from well controls. The major antibiotic resistance patterns possessed by multiple resistant enteropathogenic strains were $SXT^R$ $AM^R$, $CR^R$, and $SXT^R$ $AM^R$ $CR^R$. Of 28 ST- producing $SXT^R$ ETEC, 26(96%) were also resistant to ampicillin and 17 (61%) were resistant to cephalothin. The similar pattern was observed in EAEC and EPEC as well. This study has important implications for the treatment of E. coli diarrhea with antibiotics because it is possible that dissemination of virulence could occur under the force of selective antibiotic pressure. In addition, this study suggests that the in vivo efficacy of SXT in treating diarrheal illness be reevaluated.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.1149-1157
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• 2000

고추장 변색 요인을 확인하기 위하여 전통적인 방법으로 떡고추장과 식혜고추장을 만들고 가열처리, 포장중 질소치환 및 U.V 조사여부에 따른 변화를 관찰하였다. 각 고추장의 색도 변화는 일반적으로 숙성기간이 경과됨에 따라 L, a, b값은 감소하고 ${\delta}E$ 값은 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 그 중 떡고추장의 ${\delta}E$ 값은 자외선 조사구에서 다른 처리구에 비하여 높았고 식혜고추장의 ${\delta}E$ 값은 비열처리구에서 전반적으로 높게 나타났다. 갈변 요인 분석에서는 떡고추장의 주요 갈변 요인으로는 빛이, 식혜고추장에서는 열처리와 빛이 작용하였으며 각각의 갈변 요인들이 상호 작용함으로 서 고추장의 갈변에 관여함을 확인하였다. 고추장 추출물의 흡광도 변화에서는 고추장을 아세톤으로 추출하여 흡광도를 측정한 결과 $450{\sim}470$ nm에서, 물 추출물의 흡광도는 $200{\sim}205$ nm에서 가장 최고치를 나타내었다.

• Journal of Biomedical and Translational Research
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.103-109
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• 2018

Aspergillus luchuensis 34-1 was inoculated into wheat pellets with different conditions of raw materials to produce nuruk. The degree of substrate reactivity improvement of steam treated raw materials compared with that of non-heat treated was analyzed. The water content of the pellet was adjusted to 25% and 35%, and steam treatment for 10 minutes improved the substrate reactivity at 2.1-fold and 3.1-fold, and sterilization was also possible. The characteristics of improvement pellet nuruk were investigated according to the degree of crushing and water content of raw materials according to the temperatures and humidities ($23^{\circ}C$, $30^{\circ}C$ and RH 60%, RH 80%). The pH of the pellet nuruk was higher depending on the temperature, humidity and moisture content of the koji were lower, and the pH of the flour-pellet nuruk was lower than that of 2 mm milling wheat-pellet nuruk according to milling degree. It can be seen that the milling degree affects the growth of mold. The acidity and amino acid were generally higher as fermentation time increased. Also, the higher the incubation temperature, humidity and moisture content, the higher the value. Glucoamylase activity was significantly the highest in moisture content 35% D2b nuruk, cultured at $30^{\circ}C$ and 80% RH for 38 hours. This is higher than the previous reports on glucoamylase of rice-koji or commercial nuruk using fungi isolated from traditional nuruk. From these study, it is expected that making of improvement pellet nuruk would save the fermentation time considerably compared with traditional nuruks.

• 식품과학과 산업
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• 제53권3호
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• pp.284-294
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• 2020

고전압 펄스 전기장 기술은 전기 에너지를 활용한 친환경적 비가열 공정 기술로서 꾸준히 업계의 관심을 받고 있다. 장치에 대한 이해의 부족과 장비가격에 대한 부담으로 실제 상업적 적용이 크게 증가하지 않고 있으나 가열 공정을 대체할 수 있는 기술로서의 가능성은 지속적으로 제기되고 있다. PEF 공정을 이용한 식품의 살균은 지금까지는 대부분 과일 및 야채 주스 등 저점도의 액체 식품의 살균에 대해 적용되어 왔으나 최근에는 고점도의 스무디, 고농도 단백질 음료, 혼합 주스, 알코올 음료 등으로 적용 범위가 확대되었으며, 분말, 생육 등 고체 식품의 살균에 대한 연구도 진행되고 있다. 살균 이외에도 색소, 유용성분의 추출 및 회수, 생리활성물질의 활성화, 건조의 전처리 등의 식품 공정뿐만 아니라 씨앗의 발아율 증가, 육제품의 육질 변화, 전분의 물성 변화 등에 대한 적용이 연구되면서 기존의 식품 공정을 보완 또는 대체할 수 있는 기술로서 기대되고 있다.