• Archives of design research
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• no.18
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• pp.165-174
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• 1996

In the I950s the German firm Braun began to pursue a policy of uncompromising modem design for products aimed at the upper reaches of the market. Dr. Fritz Eichler as a head of design with Hans Gugelot and Otl Aicher in the Graduate School VIm developed the guide line of Braun Design strategy as the foundation of the corporate identity programme. In 1955 Dieter Rams joined the staff, and was largely responsible for establishing the formal characteristics of Braun Design and its further development. In the mid-1950s complete product programme of the firm Braun began to be re-designed, and these undoubtedly hit the market. New design line of the firm Braun, was an exclusive avantgarde movement at that time, which became to be the epitome of the idea of an objectifiable "Good Form". By the result in the 60s and 70s, when Braun product program was completely re-designed to the new line, Braun Design had a decisive influence on the design scene of the world. Braun Design is essentially functional and concrete, which depends on perfect fulfillment of purpose, precision, safety, durability, the quality of the product and, more recently, environmental compatibility is similarly balanced and unified approach, eliminating every unnecessary detail and concentrating on ordering essential elements. elements.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.53-57
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• 2010

Purpose: The radial forearm fasciocutaneous free flap is currently considered as the ideal free flap for reconstruction of mucosal and soft tissue defects of the palate. But the availability of stably attached oral and nasal mucosal lining is needed. In addition to this, for better operation field, operating convenience and esthetics, we planned a prelaminated radial forearm free flap. Methods: A 64-year-old male patient was admitted due to a $4{\times}4.5cm$ full through defect in the middle of the hard palate caused by peripheral T cell lymphoma with actinomycosis. In the first stage, the radial forearm flap was elevated, tailored to fit the hard palate defect, and then it positioned up-side down with split thickness skin graft. Two weeks later, the prelaminated radial forearm free flap was re-elevated and transferred to the palatal defect. One side covered with grafted skin was used to line the nasal cavity, and the other side (the cutaneous portion of the radial forearm flap) was used to line the oral cavity. Results: The prelamination procedure was relatively easy and useful. The skin graft was well taken to the flap. After 2nd stage operation, the flap survived uneventfully. There was no prolapse of the inset flap into the oral cavity and the cutaneous portion of the flap was mucosalized. The procedure was very successful and the patient can enjoy normal rigid diet and speech. Conclusion: The use of prelaminated radial forearm free flap for hard palate reconstruction is an excellent method to restore oral function. Based upon the result of this case, microvascular free flap transfer with prelaminated procedure is a valid alternative to the prosthetic obturator for palatal defect that provides an improved quality of life. It should be considered as an integral component of head and neck cancer therapy and rehabilitation.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.11
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• pp.833-842
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to analyze the economic feasibility of technology developed by the National Institute of Animal Science used to shorten the raising term of Hanwoo cattle. This technology can address the increasing proportion of feed cost to operating expenses in the industry. The technology maintains quality by high nutrition breeding during the growing period while shortening the fattening period compared to conventional methods for castrated cattle. Our analysis employs the partial budget method, and results are as follows. First, we found that the ratio of shipment in age of less than 29 months has been increasing. Second, the statistical test finds that both the reduction in age of the months for shipment and the increase in dressed weight annually are significant. Third, the benefit of introducing the technology with the self-manufactured TMR accounts for 467,990 won per head/time. This result is strong evidence for prioritizing and extending pilot projects. In order to further expand this technology in the future, problems, limitations, and obstacles to introduction should be additionally disclosed for participating and non-participating farms after conducting the pilot project.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.277-295
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• 2018

As it has become difficult to secure new water resources through dam construction due to the critical social public opinions on dam construction from 10 years ago, it is necessary to review the existing water resources through the review of existing dams. Accordingly, access methods, such as planning, construction and management, were carried out using technologies already accumulated in relation to the repair and reinforcement of the dam. As a result of the repair and reinforcement, permeation grouting has been performed in many dams, but the establishment of the technology is insufficient so far, and the published paper at home and abroad is extremely rare. In this thesis, low-pressure penetration and grouting reinforcement technologies for the YC dam are analyzed in detail. As a result, penetration grouting has shown that it can be effectively applied to the improvement in the constallability of the core fill-like a YC dam. In addition, the technical details of the experience-proven penetration grouting are given in relation to the injection criteria. It is deemed that the specific analysis data of the Fill Dam penetration grouting technology through this study can be used as useful data for strengthening the repair of Fill Dam and reservoir.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Grassland Science Conference
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• 2002.09b
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• pp.131-156
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• 2002

Although economically viable, the livestock industry is currently facing a number of challenging environmental problems and highly complex social issues, many of which are related to its size and geographically concentrated nature. Increased emphasis on environmental quality has also placed new demands on livestock producers to ensure that their production practices are in harmony with natural environment. In terms of sustainable agricultural systems, ruminants have served and will continue to serve a valuable role. They are particularly useful in converting vast renewable resources from rangeland, pasture, and crop residues or other by-product into food edible for human. With ruminants, land that is too poor or too erodable to cultivate becomes productive. Also, nutrients in by-products are utilized and do not become a waste-disposal problem. In Korea, however, native and dairy cattle production is not consistent with the advantageous roles of ruminant livestock in sustainable agricultural system because imported feed grains become the main basis for cattle raising. At present the ruminant livestock producers are heavily concentrated in and around the urban areas. About 75% of all the nation's cattle herds are kept on the outskirts of urban areas. As a result, the amount of pasture and forage land available per head of cattle is generally small. Furthermore, animals are raised in a cattle shed with high density. This situation is rather unfavorable for the national economic and environmental points of view As nation income increased, the demand for livestock products grew at an unforeseeable pace. But the pasture area involving in current utilization is tended to decrease during recent years. Based on the above figures more than 250,000 ha of pasture ought to be available for the present herd of cattle. It is obvious that these needs can scarcely be met with arable lands. Lands area for the establishment of new grassland have to be found in the hills and mountains which have not yet been used for crop framing or livestock. The development of extensive grasslands in the hill and woodland areas is now a declared aim. The starting point of the present work is the lack of knowledge of forage production and utilization in hill pasture and woodland in spite of indispensable necessity for livestock production in Korea. The importance of pastoral system in hill region and woodland is particularly emphasized in a standpoint of sustainable livestock production. Main chapter comprises the principle and techniques applicable for improving the utilization of hill pasture and woodland. We finally discussed the problems to solve and future works for a successful livestock production in hill and mountainous area in Korea.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.69-74
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• 2002

This study was conducted to investigate the milk quality produced from dairy farms in Jeju province and to analyze the variety of pathogenes and the number of somatic cells in the milk. Data were collected from 262 lactating cows from 8 farms of three regions and the results obtained are summarized as follows. 1. The average daily milk yields and milk fat contents from June and October were 22.3 kg and 3.7%, respectively. 2. The average number of bacterial counts in raw milk was 1.5${\times}10^4$/ml, but that in farm A was over 3.0${\times}10^4$/ml. 3. The somatic cell counts were 2.5${\times}10^5$/ml in average and those in farm G and H were higher than those in other farms. Their distribution in 262 lactating cows from June to October was as follows; less than 2.0${\times}10^4$ /ml in 68.8% of cows, 2.0-5.0${\times}10^4$/ml in 18.8% of cows and more than 5.0${\times}10^4$/ml in 12.4% of cows. 4. Of the 113 isolates (compartments of cow udder) from mastitic milk, Staphylococcus aureus was found in 47, Streptococcus ogalatiae in 17 and Bacillus in 12. 5. The average monthly income of the farmers was 407 thousand won/head, and that in farm A or E was higher than that of farm H (456-475 thousand won vs. 314 thousand won) In conclusion, to improve income dairy farmers should reduce the somatic cell counts in the milk and mastitis infection through regular disinfection and inspection.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 1998

In order to provide complementary image data, CT(computed tomography), MR(magnetic resonance) and angiography have been used in the field of Stereotactic Radiosurgery(SRS) and neurosurgery. The aim of this work is to develop 3-D stereotactic localization system in order to determine the precise shape, size and location of the lesion in the brain in the field of Stereotactic Radiosurgery(SRS) and neurosurgery using multi-image modality and multi purpose QA phantom. In order to obtain accurate position of a target, Hitchcoke stereotactic frame and CT/angiography localizers were rigidly attached to the phantom with nine targets dispersed in 3-D space. The algorithms to obtain a 3-D stereotactic coordinates of the target have been developed using the images of the geometrical phantom which were taken by CT/angiography. Positions of targets computed by our algorithms were compared to the absolute position assigned in the phantom. Outlines of targets on each CT image were superimposed each other on angiography images. A spatial mean distance errors were 1.02${\pm}$0.17mm for CT with a 512${\times}$512 matrix and 2mm slice thickness, 0.41${\pm}$0.05mm for angiogra- phy localization. The resulting accuracy in the target localization suggests that the developed system has enough Qualification for Stereotactic Radiosurgery (SRS).

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.317-332
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• 2003

This study attempts to investigate the relations between the types of communication, the job satisfaction. and the nursing performance of the staff nurses. The subjects of this study were the 114 nurses working in general wards, intensive care units, and the emergency rooms of the general hospital in Kyongbuk province. They were asked to answer the questionnaires as regards the types of communication and job satisfaction, and their performance of nursing, and these were evaluated by the head nurses, and their direct seniors. The data were collected for 10 days from the September 17 to 26, 2002. According to the purpose of the study, descriptive analysis, ANOVA. Pearson correlation coefficient, and stepwise multiple regression were applied for the data analysis using SPSS 10.0. The results are as follows : 1. The types of communication of staff nurses showed that the upward communication was $3.12\pm0.56$. the downward communication was $3.56\pm0.42$. the horizontal communication was $2.98\pm0.44$. and the informal communication was $2.59\pm0.49$. It showed that the most frequent communication was the downward communication. 2. In terms of the job satisfaction, there was significant difference according to the length of the period working for one ward (F=5.95, p=0.003), 3. The performance of nursing was significantly different according to the age (F=23.52, p=0.000), the working duration as a nurses (F=21.9, p=0.000), the types of nursing unit (F=5.33, p=0.002), and the working duration in present nursing unit (F=15.87, p=0.000). 4. In terms of communication type, the job satisfaction was associated with quality of the upward communication (F=6.23, p=0.003), the downward communication (F=5.78, p=0.004), and the horizontal communication (F=11.73, p=0.000) There were no association between the types of communication and the performance of nursing. 5. There was a positive correlation between the communication and the job satisfaction. And the downward communication (r=0.398) showed the greatest correlation with the job satisfaction. There was no statistically significant correlation between the communication and the performance of nursing. And the upward communication (r=-0.058) showed a negative, though not significant correlation with performance of nursing. 5. There was a positive correlation between the communication and the job satisfaction. And the downward communication (r=0.398) showed the greatest correlation with the job satisfaction. There was no statistically significant correlation between the communication and the performance of nursing. And the upward communication (r=-0.058) showed a negative. though not significant correlation with performance of nursing. 6. The stepwise multiple regression result showed that the downward communication accounts for $15.8\%$ (p=0,000) of the job satisfaction.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.54-58
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• 2004

The aim of this study was to develop special birdcage resonators for small objects including the human wrist, hand and small animals, using 3T MRI/MRS. Before substantial development, different types of parameters were arranged, based on theoretical analysis, through lumped element transmission line theory. The primary analysis was peformed with a network analyzer (HP 4195A) and the final experimental analysis was carried out with 3T MRI (Medinus, Korea). The manufactured birdcage resonator is typically composed of 12-element structures to which a low-pass filter is fundamentally applied. The diameter and length of each element of the birdcage resonator were as follows: (1) diameter 12 cm, length of element 22 cm, (2) diameter 15 cm, length of element 22 cm, and (2) diameter 17 cm, length of element 25 cm. Copper tape with a width of 1 cm was used for the coils. MRI acquisition parameters were TR=500 ms, TE=17 ms, and Ave=2 for T1-WT images, and TR=4,000 ms, TE=96 ms, and Ave=2 for T2-WT images. The ratio of the samples diameter to the birdcage resonators diameter was approximately 55%, 63% and 70%, respectively, for the three elements. This study determined that the best image quality and S/N ratio were obtained when the ratio of the object's diameter was approximately 50∼80%. A general theoretical analysis of the birdcage coil differs in many respects from the experimental results which were influenced by many factors that were not considering when the general theoretical analysis of the birdcage coil was peformed. The induced resistance may be considered as part of the resistive loss if the quantitative value can be determined using a radiation resistance approach.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.87-106
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• 2014

Purpose : To describe how a robust implementation of a radial 3D gradient-echo sequence with stack-of-stars sampling can be achieved, to review the imaging properties of radial acquisitions, and to share the experience from more than 5000 clinical patient scans. Materials and Methods: A radial stack-of-stars sequence was implemented and installed on 9 clinical MR systems operating at 1.5 and 3 Tesla. Protocols were designed for various applications in which motion artifacts frequently pose a problem with conventional Cartesian techniques. Radial scans were added to routine examinations without selection of specific patient cohorts. Results: Radial acquisitions show significantly lower sensitivity to motion and allow examinations during free breathing. Elimination of breath-holding reduces failure rates for non-compliant patients and enables imaging at higher resolution. Residual artifacts appear as streaks, which are easy to identify and rarely obscure diagnostic information. The improved robustness comes at the expense of longer scan durations, the requirement for fat suppression, and the nonexistence of a time-to-center value. Care needs to be taken during the configuration of receive coils. Conclusion: Routine clinical use of radial stack-of-stars sequences is feasible with current MR systems and may serve as substitute for conventional fat-suppressed T1-weighted protocols in applications where motion is likely to degrade the image quality.