• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.50-53
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• 2016

The size of head capsule is one of the most important factors for identifying developmental stage. In order to understand the developmental characteristics of the butterfly Atrophaneura alcinous, we examined fluctuations in larval head capsule size under three different temperature conditions (20, 25, and $30^{\circ}C$) and 60% humidity. As a result, larvae developed to the fifth instar at all three temperatures. The head capsule size of larvae tended to be larger at the lowest temperature and smaller at the highest temperature. The development rate showed a regular change, consistent with Dyar's rule regarding head capsule size development. Furthermore, the development of head capsule size was found to correspond to a second degree polynomial regression better than to a linear regression. On the basis of these results, it would appear to be possible to perform an accurate assessment of instar status during the development of A. alcinous.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.174-179
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• 1997

The larval head capsule width, larval weight and length of mulberry longicorn beetle, Apriona germari Hope were measured when the larvae were exuviated in artificial diet rearing. The larval head capsule width from the 1st to the 12th instar was ranged from 0.12 to 0.69 cm, and growth ratio of each instar was significantly high between the 1st and the 2nd instars. The fitness to Dyar's law for the larval head capsule width was 87.6%. When the logarithum of the larval head capsule width is plotted against the number of instars, the calculated regression line was LogY=0.12086+0.06998X and Dyar's constant was 1.18. The larval weight was increased with larval developmental stages, and the coefficient of variation of larval weight was apparently high. But the calculated regression line was LogY=-0.91592+0.25959X and Dyar's constant was 1.25. The growth ration of the larval length was clearly high between the 2nd and the 3rd instars, and that of larvae from the 4th instar was decreased. The calculated regression line was LogY=-0.16932+0.09841X and Dyar's constant was 1.25. In conclusion, our results suggested that the larvae growth of mulberry longicorn beetle appeared to be highly related in the larval head capsule width, larval weight and length.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.6-10
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• 2015

Background and Objective : Papillary thyroid microcarcinoma(PTMC) is known as slow growing cancer with good prognosis. However, extrathyroidal extension may increase the risk of cervical lymph node metastasis and local invasion to surrounding structures. The aim of this study was to assess the characteristic features of the tumor invading the posterior thyroid capsule. Material and Methods : We made a retrospective review of 123 PTMC patients with thyroid capsule invasion, pathologically staged as T3 or T4. 74 patients (60.2%) had invasion to posterior thyroid capsule (group A) while 49 patients (39.8%) had invasion to-anterior thyroid capsule or anterior wall of trachea (group B). We assessed the clinicopathologic factors of the patients according to the location of capsular invasion of PTMC. Results : There was no difference regarding age, gender, T and N classification and incidence of lymph node metastasis between two groups. Local invasion rate to recurrent laryngeal nerve was 6.8% in patients with posterior thyroid capsule invasion, while the incidence was zero in those with capsular invasion to other locations Conclusion : Increased risk of local invasion to the recurrent laryngeal nerve should be considered in patients with PTMC presenting invasion of the posterior capsule.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.417-423
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• 2022

The present study proposed a new interface system for capsule endoscopy by using head mounted display (HMD) device, which can control the orientation of the capsule endoscope with electromagnetic actuator (EMA) system. The orientation information of the HMD user was detected by the gyroscope sensor built into the device and then calculated to as an angle increment using Unity Engine compiler. The measured angle changes from the HMD were converted to the current values of the corresponding coils to be changed in the EMA system. Two experiments were designed to measure the accuracy and the intuitiveness of the HMD interface system. In the angle accuracy measurement, the capsule endoscope driven by HMD interface system showed the averaged errors of 0.68 degrees horizontally and 1.001 degrees vertically for given test angles. In the intuitiveness measurement, HMD interface system showed 1.33 times faster manipulation speed rather than the joystick interface system. In this respect, the HMD interface system for capsule endoscopy was expected to improve the overall diagnostic environment while maintaining comfort of patients and clinicians.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.33-39
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• 1998

Survival, growth and reproduction of the cigarette beetle, Lasiodema sewicome F., were studied on flue-cured (NC82), air-cured (Br.21), aromatic (Izmir) tobacco and artificial diet (wheat feed 95% + yeast 5%). Cigarette beetle adults occurred from first generation in the flue-cured and aromatic tobacco, but no adults emerged in air-cured tobacco after the 2nd generations. The head capsule widths of larvae of the cigarette beetles L sewicome F.1 reared on different diets at 2$0^{\circ}C$, $25^{\circ}C$ and 3$0^{\circ}C$ were measured. The head capsule development was slower at 2$0^{\circ}C$ on the same diets than $25^{\circ}C$ and 3$0^{\circ}C$, and slower in the flue-cured and aromatic tobacco than the artificial diet at 2$0^{\circ}C$ and 2S$^{\circ}C$, At $25^{\circ}C$ the larval head capsule developed more rapidly in the aromatic tobacco than the flue-cured tobacco. However, no larval head development was noticed in the air-cured tobacco. The correlation between population densities of cigarette beetle,1 sewicome F., and sugar content of tobacco leaves was positive, but negative in nicotine contents. The regression between densities and sugar content was Y : 22.79 X + 57.29 (r=0.891**), and between nicotine content was Y : -141.31X + 321.40(r=-0.917**).

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.54-57
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• 1991

The width of head capsule of the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner), was measured on the 5th generation larvae reared with artificial diet. The mean widths of head capsule of each instar were: 1st, 0.246 mm; 2nd, 0.35 mm; 3rd, 0.546 mm; 4th, 0.809 mm; 5th, 1.242 mm; and 6th, 2.185 mm. The coefficient of variation (%) of each instar were: 1st, 8.6; 2nd, 9.5; 3rd, 15.1; 4th, 11.2; 5th, 12.0; and 6th, 12.9. The growth ratio of each instar were: 2nd, 1.43; 3rd, 1.55; 4th, 1.48; 5th, 1.54; and 6th, 1.76. The fitness(%) to Dyar's law of the measurement of head capsule width were: 1st, 94.7; 2nd, 98.3; 3rd, 98.7; 4th, 94.8; 5th, 94.6; and 6th, 92.2. When the logarithm of the width is plotted against the number of instars, the calculated regression line is highly significient (Log Y = -0.819 + 0.1872X, $r^2$ = $0.9977*{**}$) and Dyar's constant was 1.54.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.165-170
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• 2009

This study was conducted to investigate specific stages and distribution of overwintering nymphs of green rice leafhopper, Nephotettix cincticeps by measuring head capsule width. The nymphal head capsule width of the 1st instar to the 5th instar was 0.381, 0.502, 0.673, 0.979 and 1.128 mm, respectively. lts coefficient variation was 5.3, 4.0, 3.0, 4.5 and 5.3%, respectively. Growth ratio of each instar was not significantly different among 2nd to 4th instars as 1.31 to 1.34, but for the 5th instar it decreased as 1.28. The logarithm of the nymphal head capsule width was regressed as a function of the stage number of insects, resulting in LogY = 1.4627 + 0.1192X ($r^2= 0.9993$). Also fitness to the Dyar's law for the nymphal head capsule width of each instar was 98% or over and the Dyar's constant (K) was 1.316. The occurrence of N. cincticeps was maximum at the end of January with 195 individuals/0.25 $m^2$. The most abundant instar in the overwintering N. cincticeps population was 4th instar accounting for over 90%. Population of the 5th instar began to increase from mid-March, and adults began to occur in early April.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.931-938
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• 2019

Objective: To compare inferior capsular redundancy by using magnetic resonance arthrography (MRA) images in patients with multidirectional instability (MDI) of the shoulder and control subjects without instability and thereby develop a screening method to identify the presence of shoulder MDI. Materials and Methods: The MRA images of patients with MDI of the shoulder (n = 65, 57 men, 8 women; mean age, 24.5 years; age range, 18-42 years) treated over an eight-year period were retrospectively reviewed; a control group (n = 65, 57 men, 8 women; mean age, 27.4 years; age range, 18-45 years) without instability was also selected. The inferior capsular redundancy was measured using a new method we named the glenocapsular (GC) ratio method. MRA images of both groups were randomly mixed together, and two orthopedic surgeon reviewers measured the cross-sectional areas (CSAs) and sagittal capsule-head ratios on oblique sagittal images, as well as the axial capsule-head ratios on axial images and GC ratios on oblique coronal images. Results: The CSAs and GC ratios were significantly higher in patients than in controls (both, p < 0.001); however, the sagittal capsule-head ratios and axial capsule-head ratios were not significantly different (p = 0.317, p = 0.053, respectively). In addition, GC ratios determined the presence of MDI more sensitively and specifically than did CSAs. A GC ratio of > 1.42 was found to be most suggestive of MDI of the shoulder, owing to its high sensitivity (92.3%) and specificity (89.2%). Conclusion: GC ratio can be easily measured and used to accurately screen for MDI of the shoulder.

• Advances in aircraft and spacecraft science
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.487-501
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• 2017

The main purpose of the paper is to analyze effect of geometrical parameters of the reentry capsules such as radius of the spherical cap, shoulder radius, back shell inclination angle and overall length on the flow field characteristics. The numerical simulation with viscous flow past ARD (Atmospheric Reentry Demonstrator), Soyuz (Russian) and OREX (Orbital Reentry EXperimental) reentry capsules for freestream Mach numbers range of 2.0-5.0 is carried out by solving time-dependent, axisymmetric, compressible laminar Navier-Stokes equations. These reentry capsules appear as bell, head light and saucer in shape. The flow field features around the reentry capsules such as bow shock wave, sonic line, expansion fan and recirculating flow region are well captured by the present numerical simulations. A low pressure is observed immediately downstream of the base region of the capsule which can be attributed to fill-up in the growing space between the shock wave and the reentry module. The back shell angle and the radius of the shoulder over the capsule are having a significant effect on the wall pressure distribution. The effects of geometrical parameters of the reentry capsules will useful input for the calculation of ballistic coefficient of the reentry module.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics B
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• v.32B no.11
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• pp.1445-1454
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• 1995

In this study, we have developed a prototype of the automatic defects detection system for capsule inspection using the computer vision techniques. The subjects for inspection are empty hard capsules of various sizes which are made of gelatine. To inspect both sides of a capsule, 2-stage recognition is performed. Features we have used are various lengths of a capsule, area, linearity, symmetricity, head curvature and so on. Decision making is performed based on average value which is computed from 20 good capsules in training and permission bounds in factories. Most of time-consuming process for feature extraction is computed by hardware to meet the inspection speed of more than 20 capsules/sec. The main logic for control and arithmetic computation is implemented using EPLD for the sake of easy change of design and reduction in time for developement. As a result of experiment, defects on size or contour of binary images are detected over 95%. Because of dead zone in imaging system, detection ratio of defects on surface, such as bad joint, chip, speck, etc, is lower than the former case. In this case, detection ratio is 50-85%. Defects such as collet pinch and mashed cap/body seldom appear in binary image, and detection ratio is very low. So we have to process the gray-level image directly in partial region.