• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제51권5호
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• pp.242-247
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• 2018

Objectives: To examine survivorship disparities in demographic factors and risk status for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), which accounts for more than 75% of all urinary bladder cancers, but is highly curable with early identification and treatment. Methods: We used the US National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registries over a 19-year period (1988-2006) to examine survivorship disparities in age, sex, race/ethnicity, and marital status of patients and risk status classified by histologic grade, stage, size of tumor, and number of multiple primary tumors among NMIBC patients (n=29 326). We applied Kaplan-Meier (K-M) and Cox proportional hazard methods for survival analysis. Results: Among all urinary bladder cancer patients, the majority of NMIBCs were in male (74.1%), non-Latino white (86.7%), married (67.8%), and low-risk (37.6%) to intermediate-risk (44.8%) patients. The mean age was 68 years. Survivorship (in median life years) was highest for non-Latino white (5.4 years), married (5.4 years), and low-risk (5.7 years) patients (K-M analysis, p<0.001). We found significantly lower survivorship for elderly, male (female hazard ratio [HR], 0.96), Latino (HR, 1.20), and unmarried (married HR, 0.93) patients. Conclusions: Survivorship disparities were ubiquitous across age, sex, race/ethnicity, and marital status groups. Non-white, unmarried, and elderly patients had significantly shorter survivorship. The implications of these findings include the need for a heightened focus on health policy and more organized efforts to improve access to care in order to increase the chances of survival for all patients.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권9호
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• pp.4527-4531
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• 2016

Background: PTEN protein is one of the most important tumour suppressor factors which is detectable by immunohistochemistry. The goal of the present study was to investigate the prognostic role of PTEN gene expression in breast cancer patients. Materials and Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 100 breast cancer patients referred to Sabzevar hospitals in the north-east of Iran between 2010 and 2011, who were followed up to 2015. PTEN gene expression in tissue samples was determined using specific monoclonal antibodies and data were analyzed using Chi-square test and Fisher's exact test. Patient survival was analyzed after 4 years of follow-up using the Cox regression model. Results: PTEN gene expression was evident in 70 of 100 cnacer samples but was found at high levels in all non-cancer samples. There was an inverse significant relationship between PTEN gene expression and tumour stage or tumour grade (p<0.001). The expression of PTEN in invasive ductal tumours was lower than in non-invasive tumours. There was also an inverse significant relationship between the hazard of death and PTEN gene expression (p<0.001). In addition, there was an inverse significant relationship between tumour stage and hazard of death (p<0.001). Conclusion: These findings indicate that lack of PTEN gene expression can be a sign of a worse prognosis and poor survival in breast cancer cases.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권8호
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• pp.3241-3245
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• 2015

Purpose: To examine the effectiveness of mitomycin-C and chemo-hyperthermia in combination for patients with high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Materials and Methods: Between November 2011-September 2013, 43 patients with high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer undergoing adjuvant chemo-hyperthermia in two centers were evaluated retrospectively. Treatment consisted of 6 weekly sessions, followed by 6 sessions. Recurrence and progression rate, recurrence-free interval and side effects were examined. Analyzed factors included age, gender, smoking status, AB0 blood group, body mass index, T stage and grade, concominant CIS assets. The associations between predictors and recurrence were assessed using multivariate Cox proportional hazard analyses. Results: A total of 40 patients completed induction therapy. Thirteen (32.5%) were diagnosed with tumor recurrence. Median follow-up was 30 months (range 9-39). Median recurrence-free survival was 23 months (range 6-36). The Kaplan-Meier-estimated recurrence-free rates for the entire group at 12 and 24 months were 82% and 61%. There was no statistically significant difference between patient subgroups. Cox hazard analyses showed that an A blood type (OR=6.23, p=0.031) was an independent predictor of recurrence-free. Adverse effects were seen in 53% of patients and these were frequently grades 1 and 2. Conclusions: Intravesical therapy with combination of mitomycin-C and chemohyperthermia seems to be appropriate in high-risk patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer who cannot tolerate or have contraindications for standard BCG therapy.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.85-92
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• 2016

Purpose: PIK3CA is often mutated in a variety of malignancies, including colon, gastric, ovary, breast, and brain tumors. We investigated PIK3CA expression in gastric cancer and explored the relationships between the PIK3CA expression level and clinicopathological features as well as survival of the patients. Materials and Methods: We examined PIK3CA expression in a tissue microarray of 178 gastric adenocarcinomas by immunohistochemistry and reviewed patients' medical records. Results: In our study, 112 of the 178 gastric cancer patients displayed positive PIK3CA expression. Overexpression of PIK3CA was correlated with low grade differentiation (P=0.001), frequent lymphatic invasion (P=0.032), and high T stage (P=0.040). Patients with positive PIK3CA staining were more likely to display worse overall survival rate than those with negative PIK3CA staining, as determined by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis with log-rank test (P=0.047) and a univariate analysis using the Cox proportional hazard model (hazard ratio=1.832, P=0.051). Conclusions: Elevated PIK3CA expression was significantly correlated with tumor invasiveness, tumor phenotypes, and poor patient survival.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제27권
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• pp.5.1-5.10
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• 2012

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess the risk of ingestion exposure of lead by particle sizes of crumb rubber in artificial turf filling material with consideration of bioavailability. Methods: This study estimated the ingestion exposure by particle sizes (more than 250 um or less than 250 um) focusing on recyclable ethylene propylene diene monomer crumb rubber being used as artificial turf filling. Analysis on crumb rubber was conducted using body ingestion exposure estimate method in which total content test method, acid extraction method and digestion extraction method are reflected. Bioavailability which is a calibrating factor was reflected in ingestion exposure estimate method and applied in exposure assessment and risk assessment. Two methods using acid extraction and digestion extraction concentration were compared and evaluated. Results: As a result of the ingestion exposure of crumb rubber material, the average lead exposure amount to the digestion extraction result among crumb rubber was calculated to be $1.56{\times}10^{-4}$ mg/kg-day for low grade elementary school students and $4.87{\times}10^{-5}$ mg/kg-day for middle and high school students in 250 um or less particle size, and that to the acid extraction result was higher than the digestion extraction result. Results of digestion extraction and acid extraction showed that the hazard quotient was estimated by about over 2 times more in particle size of lower than 250 um than in higher than 250 um. There was a case of an elementary school student in which the hazard quotient exceeded 0.1. Conclusions: Results of this study confirm that the exposure of lead ingestion and risk level increases as the particle size of crumb rubber gets smaller.

• 대한수학교육학회지:학교수학
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.389-413
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• 2009

이 논문은 7차 교육과정 중 중학교 2학년 확률 단원의 지도 목표를 정보 분석 및 활용 능력의 신장이라 가정하고, 교과서 구성에 이러한 관점이 반영되어 있는지를 살펴본 연구이다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 가능한 모든 경우를 나열해 보는 것을 강조하고, 조직적으로 나열해 보는 경험을 통하여 경우의 수를 구하는 공식을 도출해낼 수 있어야 할 것이다. 둘째, 사건의 발생 빈도인 상대도수를 통하여 경험 중심으로 확률 개념을 지도하면서, 다양한 분포자료로부터 확률을 계산할 수 있도록 하는 것이 요구된다. 셋째, 고등학교 과정보다 조금 더 직관적인 예를 이용하여 영향을 주는 사건에 대한 명확한 인식이 가능하도록 지도하는 것이 필요하다. 넷째, 가능성의 원리를 인식하여 가능성의 크기를 생각할 수 있도록 하고, 확률의 비추이성을 지도하는 것이 적절해 보인다. 다섯째, 학생들이 확률 단원을 학습함으로써 어떠한 행동의 변화를 기대할 수 있는지에 대한 목표를 좀 더 부각시키는 것을 제안한다.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.252-259
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• 2011

Purpose: To evaluate retrospectively the survival outcome, patterns of failure, and complications in patients treated with postoperative chemoradiotherapy (CRT) in advanced gastric cancer. Materials and Methods: Between January 2000 and December 2006, 80 patients with advanced gastric cancer who received postoperative concurrent CRT were included. Pathological staging was IB-II in 9%, IIIA in 38%, IIIB in 33%, and IV in 21%. Radiotherapy consisted of 45 Gy of radiation. Concurrent chemotherapy consisted of a continuous intravenous infusion of 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin on the first 4 days and last 3 days of radiotherapy. Results: The median follow-up period was 48 months (range, 3 to 83 months). The 5-year overall survival, disease-free survival, and locoregional recurrence-free survivals were 62%, 59%, and 80%, respectively. In the multivariate analysis, significant factors for disease-free survival were T stage (hazard ratio [HR], 0.278; P = 0.038), lymph node dissection extent (HR, 0.201; P = 0.002). and maintenance oral chemotherapy (HR, 2.964; P = 0.004). Locoregional recurrence and distant metastasis occurred in 5 (6%) and 18 (23%) patients, respectively. Mixed failure occurred in 10 (16%) patients. Grade 3 leukopenia and thrombocytopenia were observed in 4 (5%) and one (1%) patient, respectively. Grade 3 nausea and vomiting developed in 8 (10%) patients. Intestinal obstruction developed in one (1%). Conclusion: The survival outcome of the postoperative CRT in advanced gastric cancer was similar to those reported previously. Our postoperative CRT regimen seems to be a safe and effective method, reducing locoregional failure without severe treatment toxicity in advanced gastric cancer patients.

• 한국생활과학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.477-489
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• 2009

In this study, elementary school students' satisfaction in school food service and their dietary behaviors were investigated, based on survey performed on 453 elementary school students (233 boy and 221 girl students) in the range of 4th grade to 6th grade. 85.7% of the students had agreed to the necessity of school food service. The point of overall satisfaction in school food service was $3.53{\pm}0.83$. The highest satisfactory factor was menu of school food service$(3.64{\pm}0.77)$, while the lowest satisfactory was service$(3.41{\pm}0.85)$. The point of boy students' satisfaction in menu(p<0.05), sanitation & facility(p<0.001), and service(p<0.05) of school food service was higher than girl students'. The students' responses indicate that: 36.9% of the students wash their hands before meal; 19.9% of the students brush their teeth after meal; 36.1% of the students arrange their table after meal; 22.1% of the students do not disturb others during their meal. 46.5% of the students always have meals pleasantly, while 22.8% of the students have meals without any particular feelings. 74.6% of the students always eat proper amount. 51.3% of the students turned out to eat snacks between meals out of hunger (50.7%) once a day with their friends(59.8%). 61.8% of the students believe that their tastes are affected by their parents and 57.8% of the students are aware of their unbalanced diet to be corrected. In summary, to provide satisfactory school food service for students, the improvements in the facilities and hygienic standard and the taste and nutrition have to be preceded, and the students have to be advised about the healthy dietary habits and the hazard of biased diet.

• 한국가스학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.46-64
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• 2019

폭발위험장소의 선정과 거리계산에 대한 상세기술기준 KGS GC101 2018(가스시설의 폭발위험장소 종류 구분 및 범위 산정에 관한 기준)이 제정되어, 2018년 7월 12일부터 시행되었다. IEC60079-10-1 2015 (Explosive atmospheres Part 10-1: Classification of areas - Explosive gas atmospheres)에 대한 전수 내용을 정리하고, 모호한 기준의 해석이나 기준에 대한 가이드라인을 추가하여 제정하였다. KGS GC101은 폭발위험장소 종류의 구분을 위한 방법으로 (1)누출등급의 결정 (2)누출 홀 크기의 결정 (3)누출유량의 결정 (4)희석등급의 결정 (5)환기유효성의 결정을 통하여 최종적으로 (6)위험장소의 결정 (7) 폭발위험장소 범위의 산정을 할 수 있다. 이 과정을 쉽게 계산하기 위하여 Visual Basic for Application (Excel) 언어로 구성한 프로그램(KGS-HAC, C-2018-020632)을 한국가스안전공사에서 제작하였고, 현재 시범 사용 중(2019년 4월 1일 현재 v1.14)에 있다. 그럼에도 불구하고 현장에서 어려워하여, 본 논문을 통하여 코드 및 프로그램의 사용법을 설명하는 것으로 해결코자 한다.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.129-135
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• 1999

목적 : 저자는 자궁경부암으로 외부 방사선치료와 고선량 강내치료를 받은 신선 증례에서 급성 장관 방사선 합병증에 대하여 관찰하고 이와 연관된 여러 인자들을 밝히고자 한다. 대상 및 방법 : 1994년 4월부터 1998년 12월까지 충북대학교병원 치료방사선과에서 근치적 방사선치료를 시행한 56례를 대상으로 급성 장관 합병증에 대하여 후향적 분석을 실시하였다. 모든 환자는 본과의 치료원칙에 따라 4cm 미만의, 병기 IB1 와 IIA 경우는 41.4Gy의 체외조사후 30Gy의 강내조사를 A점 기준으로 실시하였으며 그 이외에는 50.4Gy의 체외조사후 24Gy의 강내조사를 실시하였다. 급성 장관 합병증의 기준으로는 EORTC/RTOG morbidity criteria를 이용하였으며 이 기준에 따라 치료 첫날부터 90일까지 발생한 합병증을 급성으로 간주하였다. 급성 합병증의 빈도 및 경중을 파악하였으며 급성 장관 합병증과 연관된 여러 치료전 임상 요인을 밝히기 위하여 단변수 분석과 다변수 분석을 실시하였다. 결과 총 66 명의 환자 중 30명(46$\%$)에서 급성 장관 합병증이 발생하였고 그 중 25명(38$\%$)은 grade 1, 2의 경미한 합병증이었으며 4명(6$\%$)은 grade 3, 1명(2$\%$)은 grade 4의 중증 합병증이었다. 거의 모든 합병증은 방사선 치료 시작 3주 후에 발생하였으며 누적 발생빈도는 10주에 41$\%$였다. 고연령과 복부 및 골반부 수술 과거력이 급성 장관 합병증과 유관한 인자였으며 3명의 환자에서는 급성 장관 합병증으로 전체 치료기간이 약 2주 증가하였으며 결국 3명 모두 골반 내 재발을 경험하였다. 결론 : 46$\%$의 환자가 급성 장관 합병증을 경험하였으며 대부분은 경미하여 임상적인 문제를 야기하지 않았다. 다만 고연령 및 수술병력이 있는 환자에서는 급성 장관 합병증으로 인하여 방사선치료에 대한 환자의 순응도(compliance)가 낮아질 수 있으므로 보다 더 적극적인 주의가 필요하다고 하겠다.