• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.229-234
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• 1982

Environmental factors are known in general to influence much on the development of abscission layer and thereby on shedding of plant parts. The present study was carried out to determine the effect of meterological condition during ripening on the grain shatterability of rice plants at harvest. Different meteorological conditions were obtained by shifting transplanting timing of 40 days old rice seedlings 4 times with a 15 days-interval. Grain shatterability was measured as tensile strength of rice grains: it varied within a range of 214g. to 251g. in a practically non-shattering Japonica variety'Jinheung' and l27.5g. to 204g. in an easy shattering Indica \times Japonica progeny variety'Taeback'. In view of field loss of rice, the variation in tensile strength with time of transplanting and harvest did not matter in Jinheung, but was an important factor in Taeback. In Taeback the tensile strength was significantly correlated positively with mean, maximum and minimum air temperature and relative humidity during a certain period of grain ripening, especially during 30 days period before harvest, but diurnal range of air temperature showed a significant, negative correlation with it. The tensile strength seemed to be more closely related with min. air temperature than max. air temperature, and it was not significantly correlated with radiation amount during any period of pre-harvest. Meteorological effect on grain shatterability may vary with variety, but temperature regime during ripening appears to play major role among the meteorological factors in easy shattering and more thermophilic Indica \times Japonica varieties: lower the temperature, greater the shatterability.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.282-286
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• 1990

Currently, mechanization and automation have been introduced into rice harvest and drying process due to the shortage of man power. After rice cultivars, Chucheong and Milyang #23 were cutted with manual method (H1) or harvested with combine (H2), the threshed grain were dried in natural sun-drying (D1), in natural air in-bin system (D2), or in contineous hot-air drier (D3). We have evaluated grain losses, operation hour, and grain quality on each harvest and drying methods. Shattering loss during harvesting with combine was not dirfered significant from that of manual method, but threshing loss was 1.2% higher in combine harvest than in manual. Operation hours required for combine harvest was 3.5 times faster than for manual, even without head threshing. There was a significant difference bel ween cultivars in harvesting loss, which Milyang #23, a Tongil rice had two times more grain loss than Chucheong, a Japonica rice. Drying hours required to reduce to 14% grain moisture content were ten days for H1D1, 5-9 days for H2 D1, 2-3 days for H2D2, and only 15 hours for H2D3, respectively. In grain quality, complete grain ratio after dehulling was decreased about four percent in H2D3 compared to H1D1. while it was lower in Milyang #23 than in Chucheong, Hot-air drier increased occurence of cracked and broken grain. Combine harvest increased significantly these incomplete grain ratio of :Milyang #23, but not Chucheong.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.21-30
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• 2000

For analyzing the direct contamination pathway of radionudides in rice plants, a Solution containing $^{54}Mn,\;^{57}Co,\;^{85}Sr,\;^{103}Ru$ and $^{134}Cs$ was applied to the aboveground Parts of the between RI application and harvest. Its highest observed value was 0.94. The fractions of the initial plant deposition that remained in rice plants at harvest were in the range of $19{\sim}47%,\;17{\sim}43%,\;19{\sim}42%,\;23{\sim}61%$ and $11{\sim}69%$ for $^{54}Mn,\;^{57}Co,\;^{85}Sr,\;^{103}Ru$ and $^{134}Cs$, respectively, when no decay was assumed. The translocation factors of those radionuclides in hulled seeds were in the range of $6.9{\times}10^{-4}3.8{\times}10^{-2},\;3.6{\times}10^{-3}{\sim}1.6{\times}10^{-1},\;5.8{\times}10^{-4}{\sim}3.2{\sim}10^{-2},\;1.6{\times}10^{-4}{\sim}7.6{\times}10^{-3}$ and $3.2{\times}10^{-2}{\sim}2.0{\times}10^{-1}$, respertively, and were highest when they were applied at the stage of active seed development. It was indicated that the remaining percentage and translocation factor would not be greatly affected by the difference in the rain frequency if it is within a factor of 2. These results can be utilzed for predicting the radionuclide concentrations in rice seeds when an accidental deposition of those radionuclides occurs during the rice-growing season.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.11
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• pp.1747-1755
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• 2018

Objective: Common reed (Phragmites communis Trin.) could potentially provide an alternative resource for silage; however, its silage quality is poor. The aim of this study was to investigate the factors in reed that contribute to poor quality and determine how the use of additives at ensiling could improve fermentation quality. Methods: In Experiment 1, we determined the chemical composition and the presence of indigenous lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in reed. We further examined fermentation quality of reed silage under conditions without additives (NA) and treated glucose (G), lactic acid bacteria (L), and their combination (G+L). In Experiment 2, silage of NA, and with an addition of cellulase and lactic acid bacteria (CL) were prepared from harvested reed. The harvested reeds were fertilized at nitrogen concentrations of 0, 4, 8, and $12g\;N/m^2$ and were harvested thrice within one year. Results: The indigenous LAB and fermentable carbohydrates are at extremely low concentrations in reed. Reed silage, to which we added G+L, provided the highest quality silage among treatments in Experiment 1. In Experiment 2, N fertilization had no negative effect on silage quality of reed. The harvest times decreased fermentable carbohydrate content in reed. The CL treatment provided a higher lactic acid content compared to the NA treatment. However, the quality of CL treated silage at the second and third harvests was significantly lower than at the first harvest, due to a reduction in carbohydrates caused by frequent harvesting. Conclusion: The causes of poor quality in reed silage are its lack of indigenous LAB and fermentable carbohydrates and its high moisture content. In addition, reed managed by frequent harvesting reduces carbohydrate content. Although the silage quality could be improved by adding CL, higher-quality silage could be prepared by adding fermentable carbohydrates, such as glucose (rather than adding cellulases).

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.67-74
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• 1997

This experiment was conducted in 1992 and 1993 at the forage experimental field, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Suweon to determine timing of rye(Secde cemde L.) harvest and residue chemical treatment prior to tillage in minimizing the adverse effects of the rye residue on growth and yield of succeeding corn(Zea muys L.). Eight treatments were established in 1993 which included four treatments such as no paraquat (1, l'diiethyl- 4, 4'-bipyridinium dichloride), paraquat treatment at 10, 23, and both 23 and 10 days prior to tillage when rye was harvested on April 14, and another four treatments such as no paraquat, paraquat treatment at 1, 5 and 10 days prior to tillage when rye was harvested on April 26. No paraquat treatment significantly resulted in reductions in corn plant height on June 3 and 10 when rye was harvested on April 14, but differences in the plant height and leaf number of corn among treatments were generally nonsignificant. Corn LA1 and silk emergence were not affected by paraquat treatment times regardless of rye harvested dates, but silk emergence was delayed by 1 to 2 days with no paraquat when rye harvested on April 14. Corn dry matter and TDN yields were significantly increased by paraquat treatment at 10 and 5 days prior to tillage treatment when rye was harvested on April 14 and 26, respectively, but other agronomic characteristics such as dry matter percentage, ear percent to total dry matter, and stover and ear yields of corn at harvest showed little or no response to paraquat treatment times.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.1006-1010
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• 2007

This study investigated changes in the chemical and functional components of germinated rough rice for the development of functional foods. The chemical components that were determined for 'Ilpum', 'Goami2', 'Keunnun', and 'Heugkwang' rough rice cultivars included dietary fiber, free sugars, free amino acids, and functional components such as tocopherols and ${\gamma}$-oryzanol. The crude protein, fat, total dietary fiber, and free sugar contents of the rough rice increased significantly after germination. The essential amino acid content was particularly increased. After the germination of the 'Ilpum', 'Goami2', 'Keunnun', and 'Heugkwang' varieties, the following increases were found: ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid increased 2.4, 2.5, 6.1, and 3.4 times, respectively; ${\alpha}$-tocopherol, ${\alpha}$-tocotrienols, and ${\gamma}$-tocotrienols increased significantly; and ${\gamma}$-oryzanol content increased 0.8, 1.1, 1.5, and 1.2 times, respectively. Thus, germinated rough rice has the potential to be used as a healthy and functional food ingredient.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.447-453
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• 2003

Causal factors related to the skin disorder such as black stains during cold storage of 'Niitaka' pear fruit are of great importance to solve the postharvest disorder problems. The morphological and biochemical changes observe of pear skin affected by different harvest times and storage environments. Occurrence rate of black stain in 'Niitaka' pear fruit was the highest in newspaper bagging with 75% among various bagging materials at harvest time because of the high relative humidity within the double layer paper bags. During cold storage, the rate was 54～100% in 30 $\mu\textrm{m}$ polyethylene (PE) film packaging. As the harvest time was postponed, the rate increasedduring cold stoinge. The into was 1.5 to 2.4 times higher in pears harvested in late September than in those harvested in early and mid October. There was no significant difference in occurrence of black stain fruit between the 30 and 50 $\mu\textrm{m}$ PE film bags. The causal fungus of the black stain pear was assumed as Gloeodes pomigena (Schweintz, 1920). The treatment of 0.1～0.5 ppm ozone gas prevented the occurrence of the pear fruit black stain until 180 days after cold storage. The ozone treatment on the affected fruit was also effective in preventing the progress of the black stain.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.232-238
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• 1992

To understand the basic information on the management and utilization of reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.), four cultivars of Palaton. Venture, Castor and Frontier (control) were compared for growth characteristics, dry matter (DM) yield and nutritive value, 1990 to 1992. The reed canarygrass was harvested four times annually, at soiling stage. The average plant height at harvest was 60 cm in Frontier, 57 cm in Palaton and Venture, and 52 cm in Castor. Initial heading and heading date in 1990 were ca. 21 May and 29 May, respectively, regardless of cultivar. The highest yield (12.495 kg/ha) in 1990 was observed by Frontier. In 1991. Palaton. Venture and Frontier outyielded Castor significantly, and the yields of all cultivars in 1992 were not significant, ranged from 11,460 kg (Castor) to 12,298 kg/ha (Palaton). On an average for three years, Palaton (10,592 kg), Venturc (10,405 kg) and Frontier (1 1,277 kg/ha) produced more forages than Castor. In Frontier the percentage of DM distribution at first harvest (spring) was highest (32.4%). However, the distributions at third (summer) and fourth (autumn) harvest were high in Palaton and Venture, compared with Frontier. The nutritive value of reed canarygrass was not significantly different among cultivars, and the percentage of weeds was slightly high in Castor reed canarygrass.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.160-168
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• 2012

Objectives: Cynanchi wilfordii Radix has commonly been used with or instead of Polygoni multiflori Radix in Korea. The purpose of this study was to investigate their history in the traditional Oriental medical literature and quantitative determination of conduritol F from Cynanchi wilfordii Radix according to various harvest times. Methods: We conducted studies of the traditional Oriental medical literature and analysis of the component, conduritol F, simultaneously. Efficacy and origin of Cynanchi wilfordii Radix in literature study, time of harvest in component research. Chromatographic analysis performed using Silica(2) 100A column (Phenomenex 5 um, 250 mm 4.6 mm) with a mixture of acetonitrile and water (98 : 2)(v/v). The analyses detected at UV (210 nm). Results: Conduritol F was detected in Cynanchi wilfordii Radix, but in Cynanchi auriculati Radix was not. We indicate that conduritol F is as a distinguishable indicator with other materia medica. We think the proper harvesting time is October and November. Conclusions: Measures of trunk control were significantly related with values of dynamic balance and gait. Based on these results, trunk control is an essential core component of balance and gait. Trunk control training programs after stroke should be developed and emphasized.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.254-259
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• 2006

Milling qualities and indigestible carbohydrate fractions (ICF) depending on harvesting time of Goami2 (G2), mutant of Ilpum (IP) rice, was examined. Fifty days after heading (DAH) maximized head rice milling quality (57.69%) and ICF content ($5.09{\pm}0.36\;g/100\;g$). ICF contents and physical properties of G2 and IP at 50 DAH were compared. ICF of G2 was three times higher than that of IP ($1.61{\pm}0.09\;g/100\;g$). Parboiling treatment increased ICF of G2 to $7.18{\pm}0.16\;g/100\;g$. G2 showed lower water absorption index, which could lower pasting properties, but higher water solubility index, implying it contains more soluble components. Texture properties of G2 were different from those of IP, showing higher hardness, and lower adhesiveness and cohesiveness. Positive correlation was observed between ICF and hardness, but reverse correlation between ICF and cohesiveness.