• 환경생물
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.433-445
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• 2019

본 연구는 농업용 호소의 녹조발생을 간편하고, 효율적으로 진단할 수 있는 도구를 개발하고자 하였다. 2018년 4월~10월 동안 15개 농업용 호소에서 채취된 182개의 시료를 이용하여 식물플랑크톤 현존량을 반영할 수 있는 수질 이화학적 항목을 살펴보고자 식물플랑크톤과 TN, TP, Chl-a, SD 등의 상관계수(r)를 분석한 결과, 총 식물플랑크톤 현존량은 Chl-a (r=0.666), SD (r= -0.351)와 높은 상관관계, 남조류와 유해 남조류 현존량 역시 Chl-a과 각각 r=0.664, r=0.353, SD와 각각 r= -0.340, r= -0.338로 유의성 있는 상관관계를 보여주었으나 TN, TP의 항목과는 유의한 상관관계가 나타나지 않았다. Chl-a 농도는 SD와 r= -0.434의 상관관계를 보여주어 식물플랑크톤 현존량보다 높은 유사성을 나타냈으므로, 조류경보제에서 사용하는 유해 남조류 현존량 분석을 대신하여 녹조예찰을 위한 진단 요소항목으로 Chl-a와 SD를 선정하고 실시간 SD 실측 값을 이용하여 진단을 할 경우 그 결과에 대한 유의성이 있는 것으로 판단되었다. 녹조진단 도구는 SD와 탁도 측정방법을 변형한 역원뿔 모양의 용기와 녹조판단조견표로 구성되어 있으며, 현장수를 채취하여 녹조발생 정도에 따라 용기 내에 보이는 원형환의 개수 또는 각 원형환에 표시된 숫자를 관찰하고, 조류의 색도를 녹조판단조견표와 비교하여 최종 녹조단계를 판별할 수 있도록 하였다. 또한, 정확한 진단을 위해 Chl-a 농도와 원형환의 수에 근거한 4단계 진단 기준과 Hexa 코드명이 표기된 부채모양의 조견표를 제시하여 한가지 방법에 따른 변수와 오차를 보완하고 판단의 편리성을 함께 제공하였다. 이를 통해 농업용 호소의 녹조진단을 용이하게 할 수 있을 것으로 기대되며, 녹조관리방안 수립을 효율화하여 녹조로부터 안전하고 건강한 농업용수 확보가 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.397-403
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• 2019

Microcystis sp. is one of the most common harmful cyanobacteria that release toxic substances. Counting algal cells is often used for effective control of harmful algal blooms. However, Microcystis sp. is commonly observed as a colony, so counting individual cells is challenging, as it requires significant time and labor. It is urgent to develop an accurate, simple, and rapid method for counting algal cells for regulatory purposes, estimating the status of blooms, and practicing proper management of water resources. The flow cytometer and microscope (FlowCAM), which is a dynamic imaging particle analyzer, can provide a promising alternative for rapid and simple cell counting. However, there is no accurate method for counting individual cells within a Microcystis colony. Furthermore, cell counting based on two-dimensional images may yield inaccurate results and underestimate the number of algal cells in a colony. In this study, a three-dimensional cell counting approach using a novel model algorithm was developed for counting individual cells in a Microcystis colony using a FlowCAM. The developed model algorithm showed satisfactory performance for Microcystis sp. cell counting in water samples collected from two rivers, and can be used for algal management in fresh water systems.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.111-117
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• 2000

To clarify the ichthyotoxic mechanisms of a harmful dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides, hematological responses of the flounder Paralichthys olivaceus and red sea bream Pagrus major exposed to this algal bloom were investigated. The mortality of red sea bream was considerably larger than that of flounder, and the threshold lethal density of C. polykrikoides to the test fish was approximately 3,000 cells/ml. Blood $PO_2$declined in proportion to the increasing density of algal cells. The blood $PO_2$ of moribund fish was about $40-60\% of control test fish. Particularly, the fishes began to be killed when the blood $PO_2$ fell below 30-40 mmHg. However, the blood pH dropped almost 1.0 unit just before fish kill. Hemoglobin and hematocrit levels of fish exposed to C. polykrikoides of 5,000 cells/ml for 24 h and of moribund fish did not show great difference. The concentrations of plasma $Na^+$, $K^+$ and $Cl^-$ were slightly elevated to different magnitudes except $Ca^{2+}$ and plasma osmolality was also increased in Cochlodinium-exposed fish. In the plasma cortisol level, these values of moribund flounder and red sea bream were 4- 5 times higher than those of control fish. These results suggest that the drop of blood $PO_2$ was may be one of the principal causes of fish kill by C. polykrikoides, and the changes of other hematological parameters were secondary responses elicited by the decrease in blood $PO_2$.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.122-129
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• 2004

Harmful Cochlodinium polykrikoides is a notorious harmful algal bloom (HAB) species that is causing mass mortality of farmed fish along the Korean coast with increasing frequency. We analyzed the sequence of the large subunit (LSD) rDNA D1-D3 region of C. polykrikoides and conducted phylogenetic analyses using Bayesian inference of phylogeny and the maximum likelihood method. The molecular phylogeny showed that C. polykrikoides had the genetic relationship to Amphidinium and Gymnodinium species supported only by the relatively high posterior probabilities of Bayesian inference. Based on the LSU rDNA sequence data of diverse dinoflagellate taxa, we designed the C. polykrikoides-specific PCR primer set, CPOLY01 and CPOLY02 and developed PCR detection assays for its sensitive, accurate HAB monitoring. CPOLY01 and CPOLY02 specifically amplified C. polykrikoides and did not cross-react with any dinoflagellates tested in this study or environmental water samples. The effective annealing temperature $(T_{p})$ of CPOLY01 and CPOLY02 was $67^{\circ}C$. At this temperature, the conventional and nested PCR assays were sensitive over a wide range of C. polykrikoides cell numbers with detection limits of 0.05 and 0.0001 cells/reaction, respectively.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.58-65
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• 1999

Fibrocapsa japonica (Raphidophyceae) is regarded as a harmful algal bloom organism in Japanese waters, where it has been linked to fish kills. Fibrocapsa is a common species in New Zealand coastal waters, particularly in the Hauraki Gulf, where it has regularly bloomed in the spring under E1 Nino climate conditions for the past six years. The New Zealand isolate had 1.4 times more total polyunsaturated acids than the Japanese isolate under the same growth conditions, suggesting that eicosapentaenoic acid in particular coold be used as a discriminating chemotaxonomic marker. The molecular probes tested showed no differential binding of the raphidophytes to lectins, but oligonucleotide probes targeted F. japonica ribosomal RNA bound specifically to both isolates. Neither strain was toxic in mouse or neuroblastoma bioassays. There is no evidence that the New Zealand F. japonica isolates investigated to date produce ichthyotoxins.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.959-966
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• 2004

Twenty-three cultures of harmful algal bloom (HAB)-(causing dinoflagellates were isolated from the coastal waters of Korea. For each of the 14 morphospecies, the nuclearencoded small subunit (SSU) rDNA was analyzed to determine the phylogenetic relatedness of the species. Despite temporal and spatial isolation, 3-4 clonal cultures of Alexandrium catenella, Cochlodinium polykrikoides, and Gymnodinium catenatum had 100% identical SSU rDNA sequences. In contrast, heterogeneities in the SSU rDNA sequences were observed in Akashiwo sanguinea and Lingulodinium polyedrum strains. Extreme sequence polymorphism was shown within the SSU rRNA genes of an Al. tamarense clonal culture. A homology search in GenBank revealed that 11 dinoflagellate species were located in clusters corresponding to their morphological classification. The SSU rDNA sequences of C. polykrikoides, Gyrodinium instriatum, and Pheopolykrikos hartmannii, which were determined for the first time in this study, showed the following phylogenetic relationships: C. polykrikoides formed an independent branch separated from other dinoflagellates; Gyr. instriatum was placed in a monophyletic group with Gyr. dorsum and Gyr. uncatenum; and Ph. hartmanii, which forms a distinct two-celled pseudocolony, belonged to Gymnodinium sensu Hansen and Moestrup.

• 환경생물
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.424-432
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• 2020

The present study aimed to analyze the metaproteome of the microbial community comprising harmful algal bloom (HAB) in the Daechung reservoir, Korea. HAB samples located at GPS coordinates of 36°29'N latitude and 127°28'E longitude were harvested in October 2013. Microscopic observation of the HAB samples revealed red signals that were presumably caused by the autofluorescence of chlorophyll and phycocyanin in viable cyanobacteria. Metaproteomic analysis was performed by a gelbased shotgun proteomic method. Protein identification was conducted through a two-step analysis including a forward search strategy (FSS) (random search with the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), Cyanobase, and Phytozome), and a subsequent reverse search strategy (RSS) (additional Cyanobase search with a decoy database). The total number of proteins identified by the two-step analysis (FSS and RSS) was 1.8-fold higher than that by one-step analysis (FSS only). A total of 194 proteins were assigned to 12 cyanobacterial species (99 mol%) and one green algae species (1 mol%). Among the species identified, the toxic microcystin-producing Microcystis aeruginosa NIES-843 (62.3%) species was the most dominant. The largest functional category was proteins belonging to the energy category (39%), followed by metabolism (15%), and translation (12%). This study will be a good reference for monitoring ecological variations at the meta-protein level of aquatic microalgae for understanding HAB.

• 생태와환경
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• 제37권1호통권106호
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• pp.64-69
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• 2004

부영양호수의 남조 Microcystis aeruginosa 제어를 위해 호수 바닥층에서 분리한 살조세균과 섬모충을 현장여과수를 이용하여 조류배양조건과 동일한 조건에서 단일 또는 혼합적용하여 그 결과를 서로 비교하였다. 두 생물제재는 저자들의 선행연구와 같이 단일 적용시 매우효과적인 반면, 혼합적용시 오히려 조류의 성장을 촉진하였다. 결국 남조 Microcystis제어를 위한 섬모충이나 박테리아의 적용은 다른 한 생물군의 낮은 밀도를 요구하였으며, 이처럼 동일 조류에 대한 제어능을 갖는 두 생물제재의 배타적인 관계는 앞으로 부영양호수의 남조대발생 제어에 귀중한 자료로서 제공될 것이다.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.19-28
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• 2013

Artificial neural networks were used for time series modelling of algal dynamics of whole year and by season at the Paldang dam station (confluence area). The modelling was based on comprehensive weekly water quality data from 1997 to 2004 at the Paldang dam station. The results of validation of seasonal models showed that the timing and magnitude of the observed chlorophyll a concentration was predicted better, compared with the ANN model for whole year. Internal weightings of the inputs in trained neural networks were obtained by sensitivity analysis for identification of the primary driving mechanisms in the system dynamics. pH, COD, TP determined most the dynamics of chlorophyll a, although these inputs were not the real driving variable for algal growth. Short-term prediction models that perform one or two weeks ahead predictions of chlorophyll a concentration were designed for the application of Harmful Algal Alert System in Lake Paldang. Short-term-ahead ANN models showed the possibilities of application of Harmful Algal Alert System after increasing ANN model's performance.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.50-60
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• 2008

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) of Cochlodinium polykrikoides frequently occur around the South Sea of Korea, causing. economic losses in coastal breeding grounds. HAB outbreak scale usually changes each year depending on physical, biological and environmental conditions. Relatively large-scale HABs occurred in 1995, 1997, 1999, 2001, 2002 and 2003 with respect to spatial scale, duration and maximum density. Considering HAB scale and temperature distributions around the South Sea, we found that low coastal temperatures in August correspond to enormous HAB outbreaks. Cold waters created by coastal upwellings around the southeastern coast of Korea also corresponded to these outbreaks. Serial oceanographic investigations in August in the South Sea revealed that sea surface temperature anomalies had distinctively negative values when large-scale HAB outbreaks appeared. With regard to temperature differences between the surface and the 30-m layer, there was a tendency for large-scale outbreaks when temperature gradients around the seasonal thermocline weakened.