• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.645-649
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• 2010

고주파열처리(induction hardening)는 엔진의 구동력을 차동장치에서 바퀴까지 전달해주는 부품인 액슬축(axle shaft)의 비틀림 강도를 증가시키기 위해 적용되는 열처리 방법이다. 고주파 열처리 과정의 급속가열과 급속냉각은 소재에 잔류응력과 물성치를 변화시켜 액슬축의 허용 전달토크를 변화시킨다. 본 연구에서는 고주파 열처리한 액슬축의 잔류응력의 분포와 열처리 깊이에 따른 비틀림 강도 변화를 열물성 및 상변태를 고려한 유한요소 해석을 통해 예측하였으며 이를 시험과 비교하였다.

• 열처리공학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.122-132
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• 1992

This study has been performed to investigate into some effects of the power density and traverse speed of laser beam on the optical microstructure, hardness and wear characteristics of medium carbon low alloy steel treated by laser surface hardening technique. The results obtained from the experiment are summarized as follows : (1) Optical micrograph has shown that finer lath martensite is formed and the amount of undissolved complex carbides increases as the traverse speed increases under the condition of a given power density, whereas the coarsening of lath martensite and the reduction of undissolved complex carbides occur with increasing the power density at a given traverse speed. (2) Hardness measurements have revealed that as the traverse speed increases, hardness values of outermost surface layer more of less decrease under low power densities, but are uniformly distributed under high power densities, also showing that they are uniformly distributed at low traverse speeds and more or less decrease at high traverse speeds with increasing the power density. (3) The effective case depth has been found to decrease from 0.26 mm to 0.17 mm with increasing the traverse speed from 1.5 m/min to 3.0 m/min at a given power density of $25.48{\times}10^3w/cm^2$ and to increase from 0.20 mm to 0.36 mm with increasing the power density from $19.11{\times}10^3w/cm^2$ to $38.22{\times}10^3w/cm^2$ at a given traverse speed of 2.0 m/min. (4) Wear test has exhibited that the amount of weight loss of laser surface hardened specimen with respect to sliding distance at a given load increases with increasing traverse speed at a given power density and decreses with increasing power density at a given traverse speed.

• 자원리싸이클링
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.53-61
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• 2020

본 연구는 시멘트 대비 산업부산물을 90% 이상 대체한 친환경 결합재를 이용하여 저강도·고유동을 갖는 지반보수용 기포콘크리트 소재를 개발하기 위한 연구로서, 산업부산물을 다량 활용시 발생하는 기포콘크리트의 초기 침하율 및 체적변화를 개선하기 위하여 CSA(Calcium sulfo aluminate)를 소량 대체하여 기초특성을 평가하였다. 기포콘크리트용 친환경 결합재 대비 CSA의 대체율은 2.5, 5, 10%로, 굳지않은 특성, 경화특성, 공극구조 및 수화물을 분석하였다. 실험결과 친환경 결합재 사용시의 높은 침하깊이를 CSA 2.5% 사용만으로도 개선할 수 있었으며, 그로인해 경화 후에도 타설된 시험체의 상중하의 중량편차도 개선되었다. CSA 첨가에 따라 공극구조도 작고 균일한 사이즈의 독립기포 형성에 기여하였으며, 초기강도는 개선되었다. 그러나 CSA의 혼입률의 증가에 따라 장기강도는 감소하였으나, 5% 이하를 사용할 경우 목표강도를 만족하였다. 이로써 산업부산물을 다량 활용한 친환경 결합재에 CSA의 2.5% 첨가만으로도 목표성능의 저강도 고유동을 갖는 지반 보수용 기포콘크리트 제조가 가능한 것을 확인하였다.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.75-81
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• 2016

This study applied laser surface melting process using CW(Continuous wave) Yb:YAG laser and cold-work die steel SM45C and investigated microstructure and hardness. Laser beam speed, power and beam interval are fixed at 70 mm/sec, 2.8 kW and $800{\mu}m$ respectively. Depth of Hardening layer(Melting zone) was a minimum of 0.8 mm and a maximum of 1.0 mm that exceeds the limit of minimum depth 0.5 mm applying trimming die. In all weld zone, macrostructure was dendrite structure. At the dendrite boundary, Mn, Al, S and O was segregated and MnS and Al oxide existed. However, this inclusion didn't observe in the heat-affected zone (HAZ). As a result of interpreting phase transformation of binary diagram, MnS crystallizes from liquid. Also, it estimated that Al oxide forms by reacting with oxygen in the atmosphere. The hardness of the melting zone was from 650 Hv to 660 Hv regardless of the location that higher 60 Hv than the hardness of the HAZ that had maximum 600 Hv. In comparison with the size of microstructure using electron backscatter diffraction(EBSD), the size of microstructure in the melting zone was smaller than HAZ. Because it estimated that cooling rate of laser surface melting process is faster than water quenching.

• 한국방재학회 논문집
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.143-152
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• 2002

본 연구는 서울시내 위치한 39개 콘크리트 고가차도의 중성화 깊이, 가용성 염화물량 및 철근의 자연전위 등을 측정하여 열화의 원인을 분석하기 위한 기초자료를 얻고자 하였다. 전체 조사대상 구조물 가운데 철근위치까지 중성화 깊이가 진행된 구조물은 약 25%에 해당되었으며 중성화 속도는 물-시멘트비 60%, R=1의 조건인 kishitani의 제안식 3.727 $\sqrt{t}$ 보다 5%가 빠른 3.92 $\sqrt{t}$로 나타났다. 콘크리트의 염화물량의 조사결과에서는 전체 측정부위의 24%가 임계염화물량을 초과하였으며 철근의 자연전위는 -350mV(vs. CSE)이하로 측정된 것이 약 31%에 해당되는 구조물로서 과다한 염화물량이 철근부식의 주요 원인이 되는 것으로 조사되었다. 자연전위 -350mV 이하인 구조물에 한한 철근부식의 주요요인을 추정한 결과, 약 60%에 해당하는 부위가 치대 허용염화물량을 초과하였기 때문으로 분석된다.

• 열처리공학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.69-77
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• 1996

The fatigue crack initiation behavior of plasma ion nitrided SACM645 steel was investigated through the rotary bending fatigue test and residual stress measurement by XRD. It was shown by XRD and EPMA that the plasma ion nitrided surface was composed of ${\gamma}^{\prime}(Fe_4N)$phase and ${\varepsilon}(Fe_{2-3}N)$phase, and that the nitrogen atoms existed in Fe matrix in diffusion layer. The OM, SEM and Auger spectroscopy showed that the depth of compound layer, mixed compound and diffusion layer, and diffusion layer was $8{\mu}m$, $30{\mu}m$ and $300{\mu}m$, respectively. However, the microhardness test showed that the depth of hardened layer was $500{\mu}m$. The tensile strength of the ion nitrided SACM645 was lower than that of the unnitrided SACM645, and the ion nitrided specimen was fractured without plastic deformation. The nitrided SACM645 showed much poorer low cycle fatigue properties than the unnitrided one. In rotary bending fatigue, the fatigue strength of the ion nitrided SACM645 was higher than that of the unnitrided specimen, and the fatigue crack initiation sites changed by applied fatigue stress levels. The XRD result showed that the ion nitrided SACM645 has the compressive residual stress from surface to $600{\mu}m$ deep and the tensile residual stress from $600{\mu}m$ to deeper site. It is thought that crack initiation takes place at the point where the total stress of residual stress and applied stress is maximum.

• 한국윤활학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국윤활학회 2002년도 proceedings of the second asia international conference on tribology
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• pp.157-158
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• 2002

A surface hardenable low alloy carbon steel was implanted with medium energy (20 - 50KeV) $N_2^+$ ions to produced a modified hardened surface. The implantation conditions were varied and are given in several doses. The surface hardness of treated and untreated steels were measured using depth sensing ultra micro indentation system (UMIS). It is shown that the hardness of nitrogen ion implanted steels varied from 20 to 50GPa depending on the implantation conditions and the doses of implantation. The structure of the modified surfaces was examined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). It was found that the high hardness on the implanted surfaces was as a result of formation of non-equilibrium nitrides. High-resolution XPS studies indicated that the nitride formers were essentially C and Si from the alloy steel. The result suggests that the ion implantation provided the conditions for a preferential formation of C and Si nitrides. The combination of evidences from nano-indentation and XPS, provided a strong evidence for the existence of $sp^3$ type of bonding in a suspected $(C,Si)_xN_y$ stoichiometry. The formation of ultra hard surface from relatively cheap low alloy steel has significant implication for wear resistance implanted low alloy steels.

• 한국생산제조학회지
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.865-870
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• 2013

In recent years, aluminum processing has been increasing in the aerospace, vehicle, airplane industries etc., because aluminum has abundant resources and has a high specific strength. Aluminum alloys have a high coefficient of thermal expansion therefore, it is necessary to consider the temperature problem in the cutting process. The objective of this research is to investigate the machinability of a hardened aluminum alloy Al7075-T6 by using cryogenic heat treatment. The machining test is conducted by comparing the cutting force and surface roughness, corresponding to various cutting conditions of depth of cut, cutting speed, and feed rate, with those of Al7075-T0.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.31-47
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• 2014

This research is focused on obtaining the fracture property of steel fiber reinforced concrete(SFRC) specimens at early ages of 1, 2, 3 and 7-day, respectively. For this purpose, three point bending tests of nine groups of SFRC beams with notch of 40mm depth and different steel fiber ratios were conducted. The experimental results of early age specimens were compared with the 28-day hardened SFRC specimens. The test results indicated that the steel fiber ratios and curing age significantly influenced the fracture properties of SFRC. A reasonable addition of steel fiber improved the fracture toughness of SFRC, while the fracture energy of SFRC developed with curing age. Moreover, a quadratic relationship between splitting strength and fracture toughness was established based on the experiment results. Additionally, afinite element (FE) method was used to investigate the fracture properties of SFRC.A comparison between the FE analysis and experiment results was also made. The numerical analysis fitted well with the test results, and further details on the failure behaviors of SFRC could be revealed by the suggested numerical simulation method.

• 대한용접접합학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한용접접합학회 2002년도 Proceedings of the International Welding/Joining Conference-Korea
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• pp.776-780
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• 2002

This paper describes the concept and the characteristics of hyper interfacial bonding developed as a new concept joining process for UFG (ultra-fine grained) steel. Hyper interfacial bonding process is characterized by instantaneous surface melting bonding which involves a series of steps, namely, surface heating by high frequency induction, the rapid removing of heating coil and joining by pressing specimens. UFG steels used in this study have the average grain size of 1.25 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$. The surface of specimen can be rapidly heated up and melted within 0.2s. Temperature gradient near heated surface is relatively steep, and peak temperature drastically fell down to about 1100K at the depth of 2~3mm away from the heated surface of specimen. Bainite is observed near bond interface, and also M-A (martensite-austenite) islands are observed in HAZ. Grain size increases with increasing heating power, however, the grain size in bonded zone can be restrained under 11 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$. Hardened zone is limited to near bond interface, and the maximum hardness is Hv350~Hv390.