• Archives of design research
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.233-242
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• 2000

The traditional image of hydraulic excavator started to change in two ways since 1990. First, post-heavy equipment's visual image was new waves to traditional image of heavy, strong, and wild. They are the negative aspect that excavators have. Another movement of getting rid of its negative image can be found in late-heavy equipment, which was intended to adapt traditional and positive, but off negative images. In 1990s, the design trend is moving from warm/hard to warm/soft, and KOBELCO can be exceptional example that went even further, gone up to cool-soft image. KOBELCO specially aimed 'post- excavator image' strategy, which has been successful. Image of cabin as a human space changed little bit further than outside image. Each company tried to differentiate the design of cabin focusing on its safety. Following paragraphs show specific trend of image change in form, colour, texture, and the composition. Major visual image change in form tries to follow the image of cars and home appliances which are showing the movement from tough and hard image to soft one. Structural change on local image shows the movement from angular edge to edgeless and the movement of cabin's pillar C placed to back of the equipment with gentle inclination. All of these movements are the result of effort to improve traditional excavator's negative image, that top structure is assembled separately, to positive ones. Today's tendency about its color becomes important to apply two different colour styles. Each style has brightness and tone comparison. As an enormous power convey system, it was in common that its brightness comparison was useful because of the alarm of its damage possibility. However, as its colour control and its design have been emphasized gradually, the tone comparison takes a part in an important role, too. As an example, there is an occasion that these comparisons are compromised simultaneously. In the respect of its image creation, its texture treatments make the tendency of being the same as passenger cars. It is caused from its development of the manufacture techniques of from the fabrication method in small business to the press method in big firm. Further, it is also because of its improvement of painting & coating skills. It may prohibit the reflection effect from solar rays. In the point of view of its visual images, it is recognized the prominent tendency that its composition has been gradually decreased. Lots of windows and the frames tends dark-colour as a whole. It is more preferred to have one colour image, but except KOBELCO and HITACHI. As well, there is another high-tendency to improve its standard treatments, especially for its corner and texture treatments.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.449-454
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• 2016

In this study, highly monodispersed porous carbon microcapsules with a hollow core were synthesized using polystyrene (PS) beads as a hard template. The surface of PS was first modified with polyvinylpyrollidone (PVP) for the easy attachment of inorganic silica sol. After coating the surface of PVP modified PS microspheres with SBA-16 sol, the carbon microcapsules with a hollow macroporous core were fabricated through reverse replication method by filling carbon sources in the mesopores of silica mold. The hollow carbons having a mesoporous shell structure and narrow particle size distribution could be obtained after the carbonization of carbon source and the dissolution of silica mold by HF solution. The mesoporous characteristics and electrochemical properties of hollow carbon microcapsules were characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, $N_2$ adsorption/desorption analysis and cyclic voltammetry. They showed the high electric conductivity and capability for use as efficient electro-materials such as a supercapacitor.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2015.08a
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• pp.177.2-177.2
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• 2015

Nano-mechanics 연구는 기판의 나노표면에 대하여 indenter tip을 직접 인가하여 측정함으로써 기존 분광학 연구에서는 불가능했던 박막의 기계적 특성 연구가 가능하다. 그러나 박막분석 특성상 박막의 표면, 기판 또는 하부 박막에 의한 영향으로 인해 박막의 고유한 물성특성 연구에 제약이 있다. 박막 표면에 의한 영향인 표면효과는 nano-indentation을 실행 할 때 tip의 압입으로 발생되는 표면의 스트레스로 인해 표면 변형이 나타나는 현상이다. 반면에 하부 박막과 기판에 의한 오류는 nano-indentation 실행 시 tip의 압입 깊이가 깊어질수록 하부박막 또는 기판과 가까워지기 때문에 박막 고유의 특성이 아닌 하부박막과 기판에 의한 영향이 같이 나타나는 현상이다. 이러한 오류를 최소화 하고자 많은 연구에서는 박막의 강도에 따라 nano-indentation의 실행 깊이를 박막 총 두께의 최소7%에서 최대 50%까지 삽입하는 방법을 도입하였다. 이를 기반으로 본 연구는 Zirconium nitride (ZrN) 박막의 증착된 두께 깊이만큼 nano-indentation 분석을 실행 하였으며 박막 고유의 nano-mechanics 특성을 연구 하였다. ZrN 박막은 hard coating 분야에 많이 사용되는 물질로 박막 고유의 hardness를 연구하는 것이 큰 의미가 있다. 연구 결과 모든 박막은 두께 30% 깊이 측정에서 박막 표면과 기판효과가 최소화된 박막의 물성 측정이 가능 하였고, 증착 시 질소를 0.5, 1, 2 sccm 흘려준 박막들은 총 두께 30% 깊이에서 hardness가 각각 23.2, 8.6, 18 GPa이었다. 따라서 nano-indenter 측정 시 유효한 측정 깊이에서 측정을 실시하는 것이, 박막의 물성분석에 있어서 대단히 중요함을 확인 하였다.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.39-45
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• 2004

Ultraviolet-nanoimprint lithography (UV-NIL) is a promising method for cost-effectively defining nanoscale structures at room temperature and low pressure. A 5${\times}$5${\times}$0.09 in. quartz stamp is fabricated using the etch process in which a Cr film was employed as a hard mask for transferring nanostructures onto the quartz plate. FAS(Fluoroalkanesilane) is used as a material for anti-adhesion surface treatment on the stamp and a thin organic film to improve adhesion on a wafer is formed by spin-coating. The low viscosity resin droplets with a nanometer scale volume are dispensed on the whole area of the coated wafer. The UV-NIL experiments have been performed using the EVG620-NIL. 370 nm - 1 m features on the stamp have been transferred to the thin resin layer on the wafer using the multi-dispensing method and UV-NIL process. We have measured the imprinted patterns and residual layer using SEM and AFM to evaluate the potential of the process.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.23-32
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• 2005

A change of z-directional structural and surface properties by calendering has a great influence on liquid penetration into a sheet. It could be also important for multi-ply sheet because it contacts liquid dunhg coating or converting process. Therefore, this study was aimed to evaluate of a change of z-directional structure in multi-ply sheet by calendering. To do this, multi-ply sheets were prepared with various raw materials and calendered at the different pressure and temperature conditions. In multi-ply sheet which consisted of one kind of pulp fiber, thickness reductions were higher in top and bottom plies than in middle plies. And in the case of soft nip calender treatment with high temperature, top layer which was in contact with heating roll showed the highest reduction of thickness. Hard nip calender treatment showed U-shaped density profile in z-direction, but compression profile by SNC treatment was dependent on calendering condition. To examine z-directional structure of multi-ply sheet which was composed of different raw material for each layer, CLSM (Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy) analyses were carried out on cross direction of sheet. It turned out to be a useful tool for investigating z-directional analysis. As a result, variation of thickness reduction in z-direction is dependent on ply structure, compressibility of pulp fiber, and calendering condition.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.115-119
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• 2011

Si Nanowire (NW) field effect transistors (FETs) were fabricated on hard Si and flexible polyimide (PI) substrates, and their electrical characteristics were compared. Si NWs used as channels were synthesized by electroless etching method at low temperature, and these NWs were refined using a centrifugation method to get the NWs to have an optimal diameter and length for FETs. The gate insulator was poly(4-vinylphenol) (PVP), prepared using a spin-coating method on the PI substrate. Gold was used as electrodes whose gap was 8 ${\mu}m$. These gold electrodes were deposited using a thermal evaporator. Current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of the device were measured using a semiconductor analyzer, HP-4145B. The electrical properties of the device were characterized through hole mobility, $I_{on}/I_{off}$ ratio and threshold voltage. The results showed that the electrical properties of the TFTs on PVP were similar to those of TFTs on $SiO_2$. The bending durability of SiNWs TFTs on PI substrate was also studied with increasing bending times. The results showed that the electrical properties were maintained until the sample was folded about 500 times. But, after more than 1000 bending tests, drain current showed a rapid decrease due to the defects caused by the roughness of the surface of the Si NWs and mismatches of the Si NWs with electrodes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.26
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• pp.29-47
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• 1995

Today, we live in the fastly changing society, rapidly developing scientific civilization and repeatly confusing political culture. Therefore, man persuits the emotional rest in "eros" and sympathizes with eroticism. Such an eroticism represents too much in art and costume all over the world. the purpose of this study is to classify the ex-pressive style of eroticism which is the feature of the costume in the first year of 1990's and to analyze its expression meaning. This study will be a basic data of new design development and help predict the costume in the latter half of the yeat. The method of this study was performed by using the literature related to the eroticism and the study of preceeding researchers. To analyze the costume style the its implied meaning being used to express the eroticism of 1990's, the magazines(Elle, Vogue, WWD, Collections etc) and the literatures related to fashion were used. The styles and meaning of eroticism expressed eroticism by using the minimal design which exposes wholly or partly by using a transparent vinyl and a see-through clothing. The sexy style arose from the expression of social rebellion and the exposure of suppressive sex as a psychological repulsion against the older generation. 2) Deshabille style : This style is the conver-sion to the outer garment of an underwear. The excessive exposure which just concerns the inti-mate parts of the body by using the thin cloth or lace for an underwear. This style can be recognized as the beauty destruction and ugly 3) Glamour style : The style is made up of the high-grade cloth such as silk and velvet and expresses the bodily beauty. This style falls into a rebellious culture and comes from the inten-tional expression to escape the modern life which is straight and hard. 4) metallic style : This style uses variously the new material such as vinyl-coating, enamel and represents the eroticism through the original expressions.pressions.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.341-349
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• 2010

It is well known that manganese is hard to oxidize under neutral pH condition in the atmosphere while iron can be easily oxidized to insoluble iron oxide. The purpose of this study is to identify removal mechanism of manganese in the D water treatment plant where is treating bank filtered water in aeration and rapid sand filtration. Average concentration of iron and manganese in bank filtered water were 5.9 mg/L and 3.6 mg/L in 2008, respectively. However, their concentration in rapid sand filtrate were only 0.11 mg/L and 0.03 mg/L, respectively. Most of the sand was coated with black colored manganese oxide except surface layer. According to EDX analysis of sand which was collected in different depth of sand filter, the content of i ron in the upper part sand was relatively higher than that in the lower part. while manganese content increased with a depth. The presence of iron and manganese oxidizing bacteria have been identified in sand of rapid sand filtration. It is supposed that these bacteria contributed some to remove iron and manganese in rapid sand filter. In conclusion, manganese has been simultaneously removed by physicochemical reaction and biological reaction. However, it is considered that the former reaction is dominant than the latter. That is, Mn(II) ion is rapidly adsorbed on ${\gamma}$-FeOOH which is intermediate iron oxidant and then adsorbed Mn(II) ion is oxidized to insoluble manganese oxide. In addition, manganese oxidation is accelerated by autocatalytic reaction of manganese oxide. The iron and manganese oxides deposited on the surface of the sand and then are aged with coating sand surface.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.430-435
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• 2009

Spiropyran-doped organic-inorganic hybrid coatings were prepared starting from glycidoxypropyl triethoxysilane and vinyltriethoxysilane by a sol-gel method. They were applied as a thin layer to polycarbonate sheets and their photochromic properties were investigated. The effect of polarity of solvents dissolving the spiropyran was investigated on the photochromic properties. The decoloration rate of the spiropyran decreased with increasing the polarity of solvents dissolving the spiropyran because the open form of the spiropyran was easily stabilized in the polar gel matrix.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.52 no.6
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• pp.429-434
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• 2015

This study investigates the macroscopic wear behaviors of C/C and C/C-SiC composites coated with hafnium carbide (HfC). To improve the wear resistance of C/C composites, low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) was used to obtain HfC coating. The CVD coatings were deposited at various deposition temperatures of 1300, 1400, and $1500^{\circ}C$. The effect of the substrate material (the C/C substrate, the C/C-CVR substrate, or the C/C-SiC substrate deposited by LSI) was also studied to improve the wear resistance. The experiment used the ball-on-disk method, with a tungsten carbide (WC) ball utilized as an indenter to evaluate the wear behavior. The HfC coatings were found to effectively improve the wear resistance of C/C and C/C-SiC composites, compared with the case of a non-coated C/C composite. The former showed lower friction coefficients and almost no wear loss during the wear test because of the presence of hard coatings. The wear scar width was relatively narrower for the C/C and C/C-SiC composites with hafnium coatings. Wear behavior was found to critically depend on the deposition temperature and the material. Thus, the HfC-coated C/C-SiC composites fabricated at deposition temperatures of $1500^{\circ}C$ showed the best wear resistance, a lower friction coefficient, and almost no loss during the wear test.