• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
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• 제9권8호
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• pp.1067-1075
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• 2006

본 논문에서는 손동작 인식을 위한 개선된 손동작 움직임 표현방법을 제안한다. 제안된 방법은 다양하고 통일된 손동작 움직임을 인식하기 위해서 수화(한글수화) 시 사용되는 손동작에 적용시킨 표현방법이다. 수화 특히, 한글수화(KSL)는 수화소(Cheremes)라는 요소들, 즉, 손의 이동 방향, 손가락모양, 손의 위치 등의 조합에 의해 단어 또는 문장이 완성되어 의미 있는 수화가 완성된다. 본 논문에서는 한글 수화에서 이용되는 수화소(Cheremes)를 5개의 수화소 즉, 손의 이동방향(HMO),손가락모양(FS), 손의 방향(H0), 손의 위치(HP) 및 사용하는 손의 수(HN)로 분류, 표현한다. 손의 이동방향(HMO)은 수화에서 단어 또는 문장을 표현하는데 사용되는 방향을 고려하여 17개의 방향성분으로 표현한다. 손가락 모양(FS)은 수화동작에서 사용되는 손가락의 모양에 따라 17개의 성분으로 표현할 수 있으며, 또한, 손의 바닥을 이용하는지 손등을 이용하는지에 따라 손의 방향(HO)이 2가지 특징으로 표현된다. 손의 현재 위치(HP)는 수화동작에서 손이 놓이는 위치를 의미하며, 머리영역에서 가슴영역까지 전체 8개의 영역으로 나뉘어 표현한다. 마지막으로 사용하는 손의수는 수화동작에서 손 하나만을 사용하는지 양쪽 모두를 사용하는 지를 나타내는 것으로, 2가지 특징으로 표현한다. 제안된 손동작 표현방법을 한글수화의 단어 및 문장 모두에 적용한 결과 모든 KSL이 제안된 표현방법으로 완벽하게 표현됨을 보였다.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제21권10호
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• pp.1892-1897
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• 2017

본 논문은 붙어 있는 손가락들을 가진 손을 대상으로 한 손가락 개수 알고리즘을 제안하고 있다. 제안된 알고리즘은 손가락 사이에 필연적으로 직선형 그림자가 발생한다는 사실을 기반으로 한다. 이 알고리즘은 효율적인 그림자 검출을 위해 손 영역을 엄지손가락 영역과 네 손가락 영역으로 구분하고, 각 영역에서 경계 영상을 생성한다. 각 경계 영상에 직선 검출과 투영 기법을 적용하므로 투영 곡선들이 생성되고, 곡선들의 피크들은 손가락 그림자의 후보들로 검출된다. 그러고는 검출된 피크들에서 손가락 그림자에 의한 피크들만 추출되고 개수된다. 붙어 있는 손가락으로 다양한 형상을 표현하는 손 영상들을 대상으로 한 손가락 개수 실험에서 손가락 수에 따른 개수 성공률이 83.3%에서 100%이고, 전체적으로 93.1%이다. 또한 통제된 조건하에서 손 영상이 생성된다면 실패한 경우들이 충분히 개선될 수 있음을 보여주고 있다.

• 한국생활과학회지
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.975-987
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• 2008

The purpose of this thesis is to conduct a thorough research on shoes of 2000s, understand the changes and analyze the differences and the characteristics of the shoe designs of the past and present in order to predict and indicate the future direction of the women shoe designs. The shoes of the millennium not only kept the old fashioned shapes but also showed futuristic shapes. With the increasing importance of shoes in fashion, shoes with various images were created. As far as the materials are concerned, natural materials and artificial materials were both used. The colors were vivid and the futuristic colors. On the other hand, pastel toned colors and romantic colors were used in many different designs and shapes regardlees of the seasons. Straps and hills differed from the oldies. Heavy decorations were added to strap shoes to form a whole new design and hills show geometrical platforms or the avantgarde like heights. Feminine images overwhelmed the shoe designs of the millennium. To elaborate, Pumps displayed feminine images the most for it showed a high frequency number regardless of the seasons. Shoes are presented in aesthetical perspective rather then functional or practical perspectives that are based on human nature. Cultural, social, environmental and some part religious factors had a great influence on the evolution on the shoes. Especially in the 2000s, future oriented concepts were implemented on shoe designs, resulting a wider range of expressiveness and in the end leading to a more creative shoe designing. Changes in shoe designs could be pointed out in many ways according to the shapes materials, colors, modeling of decorations or also with the diverting trends.

• 대한전자공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전자공학회 2004년도 ICEIC The International Conference on Electronics Informations and Communications
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• pp.259-262
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• 2004

In most of the character recognition systems, the method of template matching or statistical method using hidden Markov model is used to extract and recognize feature shapes. In this paper, we used modified chain-code which has 8-directions but 4-codes, and made the chain-code of hand-written character, after that, converted it into transition chain-code by applying to HMM(Hidden Markov Model). The transition chain code by HMM is analyzed as signal flow graph by Mason's theory which is generally used to calculate forward gain at automatic control system. If the specific forward gain and feedback gain is properly set, the forward gain of transition chain-code using Mason's theory can be distinguished depending on each object for recognition. This data of the gain is reorganized as tree structure, hence making it possible to distinguish different hand-written characters. With this method, $91\%$ recognition rate was acquired.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.43-51
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• 2007

This study analyzed the knit wear trend, which has gained attention as a sensuous and luxury item, through collection magazines, and used the technique of hand-knit to produce and present the knit wear that was designed based on the study results. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to raise awareness of the expansion of hand knit's new expression techniques and expression areas and to verify its possibility as a higher value-added product. The trends of hand-knit wear resulted from the analysis of collections divided into the following four groups, and the knit designs were also grouped accordingly: First was "The design using object." The trend survey showed the results that the form of drops or flowers was often used as a factor of object. Accordingly, as for the study design, the drop-knitting technique, which is one of the pattern knitting techniques, was used to present a design that employed drops as the object. Second was "The design matched with woven material." It is a way to emphasize aesthetic formativeness and at the same time to activate the area of knit design by matching woven material, which is different from knit in texture, with knit. This study presented a design that tried to combine knit texture and woven material by connecting denim material with various textures and colors. Third was "The design to express see-through." A sense of showing through knit wear was expressed through changes in the type of thread or knitting technique. In this study, the sense of see-through was expressed using piano wires and wool threads and through changes in the thickness of needle. Fourth was "The design to emphasize coloring." It was analyzed that regarding the production of hand knit, the method of coloring expression was to express points, lines and sides or to create harmony by changing the material's color or texture to show particular objects or shapes. In this study, a jacket was designed using the method to express points, lines and sides by changing the material's color.

• 한국의상디자인학회지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.61-73
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to create unique formative beauty with free expressive method and to suggest accessory design with individuality through this, by using hand-knitting technique in design of necklace and bangle, which belong to personal ornament among fashion accessories. It analyzed on theoretical background of knit technique and accessory through documentary research, examined the accessory design tendency and the research tendency through collection materials, and then suggested 9 works in accessory ornament design of using hand-knitting technique, based on this. The results are as follows. First, even in overseas collection, accessories in diverse materials and shapes were being show cased. Volume in necklace or bangle was indicated to be big. There were many cases of covering several items together. Second, the hand-knitting technique in originative accessory design could be confirmed to be possibly used broadly in the range of pattern and shape available for making by using yarn in diverse thicknesses with proper technique, and by transforming basic tissue according to knitting technique. Third, through the results of making ornaments in 7 necklaces and 2 bangles, the hand-knitting technique was confirmed to possibly expanding the application range of knitting technique in the accessory field, and has significance in having suggested individual accessory.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.1-13
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• 2005

Kinematics of grasping and manipulation by a multi-fingered robotic hand where multi-fingertip surfaces are in contact with an object is solved. The surface of the object was represented by B-spline surfaces in order to model the objects of various shapes. The fingers were modeled by cylindrical links and a half ellipsoid fingertip. Geometric equations of contact locations have been solved for all possible contact combinations between the fingertip surface and the object. The simulation system calculated joint displacements and contact locations for a given trajectory of the object. Since there are no closed form solutions for contact or intersection between these surfaces, kinematics of grasping was solved by recursive numerical calculation. The initial estimate of the contact point was obtained by approximating the B-spline surface to a polyhedron. As for the simulation of manipulation, exact contact locations were updated by solving the contact equations according to the given contact states such as pure rolling, twist-rolling or slide-twist-rolling. Several simulation examples of grasping and manipulation are presented.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제43권5호
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• pp.299-307
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• 2022

In this paper, we propose a pre-processing method that converts to Spider Chart image data for classification of gripping movement using EMG (electromyography) sensors and Convolution Neural Networks (CNN) deep learning. First, raw data for six hand gestures are extracted from five test subjects using an 8-channel armband and converted into Spider Chart data of octagonal shapes, which are divided into several sliding windows and are learned. In classifying six hand gestures, the classification performance is compared with the proposed pre-processing method and the existing methods. Deep learning was performed on the dataset by dividing 70% of the total into training, 15% as testing, and 15% as validation. For system performance evaluation, five cross-validations were applied by dividing 80% of the entire dataset by training and 20% by testing. The proposed method generates 97% and 94.54% in cross-validation and general tests, respectively, using the Spider Chart preprocessing, which was better results than the conventional methods.

• 한국패션뷰티학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.105-118
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to analyze entertainer Byeon Jeong-su's hair styles and thereby, apply the results to models. For the applications, models' hair styles were bisected into two sections, and thereby, the edges of the outsides were cut into solid points, and thereupon, into diverse bases by using vertical section, Perpendicular direction and square angles. On the other hand, the insides were cut in the same way of the outside bases by using radial section, varied combing and $45{\sim}90$ degree head angles. In addition, tops and sides were arranged in their corners, while a graduation technique was used to express a natural difference of levels. The fringes were cut by using free-hand and slicing techniques. furthermore, the quantity and mass of the hairs were treated with such techniques as thinning, swing, effect, rolling, slide and slicing, while a bridge product was used for coloring together with a highlight technique. The hair styles were rendered for straight and wave by using an magic iron machine. It was confirmed through this study that the same cutting techniques would result in different images depending on individuals' physical shapes, facial shapes, head skeletons and types of hairs. Thus, it is required of the hair designers to suggest their own custom hair designs adequate to individuals' images through continued image-wise hair design practices.

• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.27-34
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to evaluate aging (young and old), gender (male and female), and handle shape effects on grip force, finger force, and subjective comfort. Four handle shapes of A, D, I, and V were implemented by a multi-finger force measurement (MFFM) system which was developed to measure every finger force with different grip spans. Forty young (20 males and 20 females) and forty old (20 males and 20 females) subjects participated in twelve gripping tasks and rated their comfort for all handles using a 5-point scale. Grip forces were calculating by summation of all four forces of the index, middle, ring and little fingers. Results showed that young males (283.2N) had larger gripping force than old males (235.6N), while young females (151.4N) had lower force than old females (153.6N). Young subjects exerted the largest gripping force with D-shape due to large contribution of the index and middle fingers and the smallest with A-shape; however, old subjects exerted the largest with I-shape and the smallest with V-shape due to small contribution of the ring and little fingers. As expected, the middle finger had the largest finger force and the little finger had the smallest. The fraction of contribution of index and ring fingers to grip force differed among age groups. Interestingly, young subjects provided larger index finger force than ring finger force, whereas old subjects showed that larger ring finger forces than index finger force in the griping tasks. In the relationship between performance and subjective comfort, I-shape exerting the largest grip force had less comfort than D-shape producing the second largest grip force. The findings of this study can provide guidelines on designing hand tool handle to obtain better performance as well as users' comfort.