• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.35 no.3 s.110
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• pp.163-173
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to compare the asymmetric degree between maxillofacial hard and soft tissues in individuals with facial asymmetry. Computerized tomographies (CT) of 34 adults (17 male, 17 female) who had facial asymmetry were taken. The CT images were transmitted to personal computers and then reconstructed into three-dimensional (3D) images through the use of computer software. In order to evaluate the degree of facial asymmetry, 6 measurements were constructed as the hard tissue measurements while 6 counterpart measurements were taken as the soft tissue measurements. The means and standard deviations were obtained for each measurement using 3D measure, then t-test was used to investigate the differences between each hard tissue measurement and the corresponding soft tissue measurement All measurements used in the present study showed statistically significant differences between the hard and soft tissues. The degree of soft tissue asymmetry was smaller than that of corresponding hard tissue asymmetry in case of chin deviation, frontal ramal inclination difference, and frontal corpus inclination difference. On the other hand, the degree of soft tissue asymmetry was greater than that of underlying hard tissue asymmetry in the measurement of lip canting and lip cheilion height difference The present study suggests that asymmetric differences of hard and soft tissue is observed nu facial asymmetric subjects and thus soft tissue analysis is needed in addition to hard tissue analysis when making an evaluation of facial asymmetry.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.14
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• pp.101-124
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• 2004

This study is to investigate structure relationship between factors influencing or mediating store loyalty in service encounter. The result of study suggests salesperson's voluntary service has an effect on store loyalty through interpersonal relationship and store satisfaction. On the other hand, nonvoluntary service doesn't statistically influence interpersonal relationship but influences store loyalty through store satisfaction. Interestingly this results shows that store loyalty is consisted of cognitive loyalty, affective loyalty, intentional loyalty, and behavioral loyalty and each loyalty have an affect in sequence each other. Managerial implications on research result is followed as first, as an evaluation method of salesperson, it is useful to evaluate salesperson's behavioral performance. second, to build store loyalty, it must make an effort for marketer to differentiate through store promotion in terms of customer's cognitive perspectives. It is meaningful for these results to apply to current retailing situations practically.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.6 no.1 s.12
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• pp.13-26
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• 2007

A VDS data in the domestic has been used within limits to real time information such as congestion management, incident management, and route guidance service. On the other hand, a VDS data in the foreign countries had been used to various objectives such as transportation policy assessment, transportation construction evaluation, franc safety improvement, and etc. The scope and method of the study is the VDS data which was installed in the uninterrupted flow such as the freeway and the interrupted flow in a diversion route of the leeway. It has investigated and analyzed the VDS as our subject to study, study objective and study methodology for each study generally classified as 1) data collection 2) data processing 3) data store and 4) data quality section. This study has investigated and analyzed the various literatures in domestic and foreign countries regarding the VDS data. And It drew the development direction of the study which is about VDS data in domestic from now.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.133-138
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• 1998

Choanal atresia may be membrane or bony, unilateral or bilateral. Approximately 90% of the choanal atresia are bony type. Unilateral choanal atresia often eludes the diagnosis because of the absence of subjective symptoms in the neonatal period. However, bilateral choanal atresia presents at birth with cyclic respiratory distress aggravated by feedings. So complete bilateral choanal atresia is considered as a neonatal emergency. Examinations for the diagnosis of chonal atresia include 1) attempt at passing a rubber catheter or probe through the patient s nose, 2) mirror examination of the nasopharynx, 3) digital examination of the nasopharynx, 4) X-ray examination after installation of radiopaque materal into the nasal cavity. But, computed tomography has become accepted method for evaluation of choanal atresia. Surgical repair of choanal atresia is accomplished via transnasal or transpalatal approach. Advantages of the transpalatal approach are improved exposure and the preservation of mucosal flap along the newly formed apertures. On the other hand, the transpalatal approach carries the risk of injury to the greater palatine neurovascular complex, and requires longer operative time. After careful physical and radiographic examinations, we accomplished the surgical repair of the complete bony bilateral choanal atresia via transpalatal approach without complications.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.339-347
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• 2002

An in-situ experiment was performed to evaluate the pullout resistance capacity of chains which is used as a reinforcement of reinforced earth wall. It was also considered that chain was combined with a bar or L-type steel angle by the transverse reinforcement member in the experiment. About 80 pullout tests were peformed with varying the lengths of chain(2.0m, 2.5m, and 3.0m), the combination of each transverse members(chain only, chain＋bar, or chain＋angle), and the vertical placement of reinforcements. In the case that uses a chain only and a chain combined with bar, the maximum displacement was about 150mm and load continuously increased to the ultimate tensile strength of chain, and then tension failure of chains occurred. But in the case of a chain combined with angle, the displacement decreased to about 100mm and so it was expected that this combination can constrain the displacement of chain. On the other hand, comparing the yielding pullout load measured in the field to that calculated by theoretical equation, it is shown that measured values are 1.2~3.0 times greater than those of calculated values according to the length of chain, normal vertical stress, and the combination of chain with transverse members. However, the difference in the increment of yielding pullout load between bar and angle is not clear but it appears almost the same increment. It is expected that chain can be safely used as reinforcements of reinforced earth wall, although a theoretical estimation of the pullout resistance capability of chain is too conservative.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.12
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• pp.1713-1720
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• 2015

The present work describes experiments undertaken to evaluate the usefulness of selected physicochemical indices of semen, cell membrane integrity and sperm chromatin structure for the assessment of boar semen sensitivity to processes connected with pre-insemination procedures. The experiments were carried out on 30 boars: including 15 regarded as providers of sensitive semen and 15 regarded as providers of semen that is little sensitive to laboratory processing. The selection of boars for both groups was based on sperm morphology analyses, assuming secondary morphological change incidence in spermatozoa as the criterion. Two ejaculates were manually collected from each boar at an interval of 3 to 4 months. The following analyses were carried out for each ejaculate: sperm motility assessment, sperm pH measurement, sperm morphology assessment, sperm chromatin structure evaluation and cell membrane integrity assessment. The analyses were performed three times. Semen storage did not cause an increase in the incidence of secondary morphological changes in the group of boars considered to provide sperm of low sensitivity. On the other hand, with continued storage there was a marked increase in the incidence of spermatozoa with secondary morphological changes in the group of boars regarded as producing more sensitive semen. Ejaculates of group I boars evaluated directly after collection had an approximately 6% smaller share of spermatozoa with undamaged cell membranes than the ejaculates of boars in group II ($p{\leq}0.05$). In the process of time the percentage of spermatozoa with undamaged cell membranes decreased. The sperm of group I boars was characterised with a lower sperm motility than the semen of group II boars. After 1 hour of storing diluted semen, the sperm motility of boars producing highly sensitive semen was already 4% lower ($p{\leq}0.05$), and after 24 hours of storage it was 6.33% lower than that of the boars that produced semen with a low sensitivity. Factors that confirm the accuracy of insemination male selection can include a low rate of sperm motility decrease during the storage of diluted semen, low and contained incidence of secondary morphological changes in spermatozoa during semen storage and a high frequency of spermatozoa with undamaged cell membranes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.585-592
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• 2016

This study was conducted to analyze the gap between importance and satisfaction of university foodservice attributes as well as to assess customer satisfaction with university foodservice establishments. All statistical analyses were conducted using the SPSS package program (ver. 20.0) for t-test, ANOVA, and Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA). A total of 619 valid responses were used for the data analysis. The results of this study are as follows: the composition of respondents was 53.5% males and 46.5% females. Exactly 85.5% of respondents ate lunch at least five times a week at the on-campus foodservice. The favorite lunch menus of Chinese university students were Chinese food (91.8%), followed by Western food (3.5%), Korean food (2.2%), and Japanese food (1.5%). According to the results of IPA, foodservice selection attributes that were priorities for improvement were food taste, food freshness, menu variety, waiting time for meal, and toilet cleanliness. In addition, five satisfaction factors were extracted by exploratory factor analysis. According to the results of one-way ANOVA, 'physical environment' and 'service quality' factors showed significant differences according to the students' grades and the frequency of eating lunch at on-campus foodservice. On the other hand, 'food quality and menu' and 'convenience and price' factors showed significant differences according to meal cost. In conclusion, in order to enhance customer satisfaction of on-campus foodservice, foodservice managers should offer a varied menu at reasonable prices and improve food quality.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.328-336
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• 2013

This study was conducted to evaluate imported tomato $F_1$ cultivars as breeding materials for the resistance to Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) by molecular markers and bioassay. From marker genotyping and disease evaluation of 40 $F_1$ cultivars, most of the cultivars declared as TYLCV-resistance carried heterozygous marker genotype for the TYLCV resistance genes Ty-1, Ty-3, or Ty-3a, and showed low disease rates. Whereas, 4 of 5 $F_1$ cultivars declared as intermediate resistance showed marker genotype for susceptibility and disease rates ranged 18.1-33.3%. However, the xx cultivars showed inconsistency in marker genotype and disease rate. Characterization of horticultural traits of the $F_1$ cultivars with TYLCV-resistance indicated that large-size fruit cultivars were higher in yield and similar in sugar contents and solid-acid ratio compared to a control cultivar preferred in the domestic market, although hardness remained to be a problem. On the other hand, cherry tomato cultivars showed lower yield and brix, but longer internode compared to a control cultivar, indicating that breeding for TYLCV-resistance using these cultivars will require more efforts and time compared to large-sized.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.93-98
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• 2012

This study has attempted to establish an analysis method through validation against heavy metals in the body (Pb, Cd and Hg) using ICP-MS and Gold amalgamation and find out the relevance between heavy metal and Alzheimer's disease after analyzing the distribution of heavy metal concentration (Pb, Cd and Hg) and correlations between a control group and Alzheimer's disease group. In this study, Pb and Cd levels in the blood and serum were validation using ICP-MS. For analysis of Hg levels in the blood and serum, the gold amalgamation-based 'Direct Mercury Analyzer' has been used. According to an analysis on the heavy metal concentration (Pb, Cd and Hg concentration) in the blood, Cd concentration was high in the Alzheimer's disease group. In the serum, on the contrary, Pb and Hg were high in the Alzheimer's disease group. For analysis of correlations between heavy metal levels in the blood and serum and Alzheimer's disease, t-test has been performed. Even though correlations were observed between the blood lead levels and Alzheimer's disease, they were statistically insignificant because the concentration was higher in a control group. No significance was found in Cd and Hg. In the serum, on the other hand, no statistical significance was found between the heavy metal (Pb, Cd and Hg) and Alzheimer's disease. In this study, no statistical significance was observed between heavy metal and decrease in cognitive intelligence. However, it appears that a further study needs to be performed because the results of the conventional studies were inconsistent.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.28-37
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• 2006

Purpose: Evaluation of vocal cord vibration is very important in cases of voice disorders. There are several equipments for examining the vocal fold vibration such as laryngeal stroboscope, ultra high-speed digital imaging system, and videokymograph. Among these, laryngeal stroboscope is the most popular equipment because of easy to examine the laryngeal pathology. However, current laryngo-stroboscopes are too bulky to move and relatively expensive. The purpose of this research is to develope a portable laryngeal stroboscope of equivalent performance with the current equipments. Methods and Materials: Recently developed high luminescent white LEDs(light emitting diodes) are placed at the head of the endoscope as light sources for the CCD image sensor which is also placed at the head with imaging lens. This arrangement eliminates the bulky light source like expensive halogen or xenon lamps as well as the optical light guiding cables. The LEDs are controlled to flash in phase with the voice frequency of the examinee. The CCD captures these strobo images and converts them into video signals for examinations. Results: There was no functional differences between preexisting stroboscope and the newly developed stroboscope of this study. LED light sources and microprocessor based control circuits of the stroboscope enabled the development of flicker-less, hand-held, portable and battery-operating stroboscope. Conclusion: The developed stroboscope is cost-effective, small-sized, easy to use and very easy desirable to bring and to use in any place.