• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.22
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• pp.23.2-24
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• 1997

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.418-427
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• 2005

When inoculated into sensitive tobacco Xanthi-nn plants, the crucifer and garlic-infecting Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV-Cg) induces local necrotic lesions that resemble those seen in the hypersensitive response (HR) of resistant tobacco plants. However, unlike these, tobacco Xanthi-nn plants do not become resistant to infection and the virus spreads systemically causing a severe disease characterized by necrotic lesions throughout the plant. To identify the viral protein that elicits this necrotic response, we used a set of hybrid viruses constructed by combination of TMV-Cg and the tobacco mosaic virus strain U1 (TMV-U1). In this study we present evidence that the coat protein of TMV-Cg (CPCg) is the elicitor of the necrotic response in tobacco Xanthi-nn plants. Local and systemic necrotic lesions induced by TMV-Cg and by the hybrid U1-CPCg -that carries CPCg in a TMV-U1 context- are characterized by cell death and by the presence of autoflorescent phenolic compounds and $H_2O_2$, just like the HR lesions. In addition, defense-related genes and detoxifying genes are induced in tobacco Xanthi-nn plants after TMV-Cg and U1-CPCg inoculation. We postulate that in our system, CPCg is recognized by sensitive tobacco plants that mount an incomplete defense response. We call this an HR-like since it is not enough to induce plant resistance.

• The Zoological Society Korea : Newsletter
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.8-8
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• 1995

No Abstract, See Full Text

• Proceedings of the Zoological Society Korea Conference
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• 1995.10b
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• pp.74-74
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• 1995

No Abstract, See Full Text

• 대한생식의학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.41.1-41.1
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• 2001

• BMB Reports
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.250-256
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• 2010

Natural phosphodiester bond CpG-DNA that contains immunomodulatory CpG motifs (PO-DNA) upregulates the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and induces an Ag-driven Th1 response in a CG sequence-dependent manner in mice. In humans, only phosphorothioate backbone-modified CpG-DNA (PS-DNA) and not PO-DNA has immunomodulatory activity. In this study, we found that liposome-encapsulated PO-DNA upregulated the expression of human $\beta$-defensin-2 (hBD-2) and major histocompatibility class II molecules (HLA-DRA) in a CG sequence-dependent and liposome- dependent manner in human B cells. Of the three different liposomes, DOTAP has the unique ability to enhance the immunomodulatory activity of PO-DNA. In contrast, HLA-DRA and hBD-2 promoter activation can be induced by liposome-encapsulated PS-DNA in a CG sequence-independent manner, depending on the CpG-DNA species. Our observations demonstrate that, when encapsulated with a proper liposome in the immune system, natural PO-DNA has the potential to be a useful therapy for the regulation of the innate immune response.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.259-264
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• 1996

This study was carried out to investigate on the survival rates and in vitro developmental rates of bisected bovine embryos were by manipulator and micropipette. Bisected embryos were co-cultured in 20% FCS(v/v)＋TCM-199 media containing hormones, oviductal epithelial cells and cumulus cells 0 to 72 hrs after bisection. Survival rate and in vitro fertilization rate were defined as development rate on in vitro culture or FDA-test. The results are summarized as follows ; 1. The in vitro developmental rate of biseciton embryos co-cultured in 20% FCS＋TCM-199 medium containing PMSG, hCG, PMSG＋hCG, hCG＋$\beta$-estradiol 0 to 20 hrs and 20 to 40 hrs were 36.7, 26.7, 33.3, 40.0, and 30.0, and 30.0, 33.3, 30.0, 26.7, and 26.7%, respectively. The survival rate of bisection embryos co-cultured in TCM-199 medium containing hormones was significantly higher than that of non co-culture(25.0%). 2. The in vitro developmental rates of bisection embryos co-cultured in 20% FCS＋TCM-199 medium containing oviductal epithelial cells 4 to 5 hrs and 20 to 24 hrs were 40.0 and 33.3%, respectively. The survival rate of bisection embryos co-cultured in TCM-199 medium containing oviductal epithelial cells was significantly higher than that of non co-culture(25.0%). 3. The in vitro developmental rates of bisection embryos co-cultured in 20% FCS＋TCM-199 medium containing cumulus cells 4 to 5 hrs and 20 to 24 hrs were 43.3 and 36.7%, respectively. The survival rate of bisection embryos co-cultured in TCM-199 medium containing cumulus cells was significantly higher than that of non co-culture (25.0%).

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.13-17
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• 2011

Research in the area of equine artificial insemination (AI) has led to its increased application in field trials. However, procedures for equine semen collection, cooling and freezing of semen and artificial insemination need further improvement. In experiment 1, we investigated the percentage of total motility (TM) and progressive motility (PM) of sperms at after-collection, cooled-diluted, cooled-transported or frozen-thawed semen. In experiment 2, mares were inseminated with either cooled-diluted, cooled-transported or frozen-thawed semen. In experiment 3, we examined the effect of buffer (skim-milk extender), which was infused into the uterus at the time of AI with frozen-thawed semen. In experiment 4, we compared AI pregnancy rates for mares ovulating spontaneously versus after treatment with hCG. In experiment 1, the average percentage of TM was decreased from 75.3% to 14.4% at the stage of after-collection to frozen-thawed semen (p<0.05). The average percentage of PM was 58.2% and 59.6% at after-collection and cooled-diluted, but it was significantly increased 71.7% after frozen-thawed (p<0.05). In experiment 2, the pregnancy rates after AI using cooled-diluted, cooled-transported and frozen-thawed semen were 60%, 50% and 37.5%, respectively, and similar among treatments. In experiment 3, the pregnancy rate of mares infused with buffer at AI was 40% which was higher than that with no buffer (10%). In experiment 4, the pregnancy rates of mares were similar between ovulated spontaneously (25%) and ovulated with hCG (50%). The results suggest that equine semen that has been cooled-diluted, cooled-transported or frozen can be successfully used to establish AI, pregnancy and foal production. Also, the pregnancy rates after AI can be increased by infusing buffer into the uterus at AI or by inducing ovulation with hCG, but further study is need.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.231-237
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• 2011

The objective of this study was to elucidate the dynamics of microtubules in post-ovulatory aging in vivo and in vitro of mouse oocytes. The fresh ovulated oocytes were obtained from oviducts of superovulated female ICR mice at 16 hours after hCG injection. The post-ovulatory aged oocytes were collected at 24 and 48 hours after hCG injection from in vivo and in vitro, respectively. Immunocytochemistry was performed on ${\beta}$-tubulin and acetylated ${\alpha}$-tubulin. The microtubules were localized in the spindle assembly, which was barrel-shaped or slightly pointed at its poles and located peripherally in the fresh ovulated oocytes. The frequency of misaligned metaphase chromosomes were significantly increased in post-ovulatory aged oocytes after 48 hours of hCG injection. The spindle length and width of post-ovulatory aged oocytes were significantly different from those of fresh ovulated oocytes, respectively. The staining intensity of acetylated ${\alpha}$-tubulin showed stronger in post-ovulatory aged oocytes than that in the fresh ovulated oocytes. In the aged oocytes, the spindles had moved towards the center of the oocytes from their original peripheral position and elongated, compared with the fresh ovulated oocytes. Microtubule organizing centers were formed and observed in the cytoplasm of the aged oocytes. On the contrary, it was not observed in the fresh ovulated oocytes. The alteration of spindle formation and chromosomes alignment substantiates the poor development and the increase of disorders from the post-ovulatory aged oocytes. It might be important to fertilize on time in ovulated oocytes for the developmental competence of embryos with normal karyotypes.

• Transactions of the Korean hydrogen and new energy society
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.10-17
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• 2008

This study has been focused on the partial oxidation(POX) of n-octane over Rh-containing catalysts supported on alumina. The catalysts for this reaction were prepared by incipient wetness(IW) and co-gel(CG) methods, followed by the calcination at $900{\circ}C$ or $1,200{\circ}C$. When applied to the POX of n-octane carried out at $600{\circ}C$ with C/O=3 and GHSV=3,450/h, the catalyst prepared by the CG method and calcined at $1,200{\circ}C$ showed the best activity, yielding 42% syngas($H_2$+CO) with the $H_2$/CO ratio of $2{\sim}2.4$. To enhance the activity and stability of catalysts, bimetallic catalysts were synthesized by the CG method. As a result, the performance of Rh-Ni/$Al_2O_3$ catalyst was superior to that of Rh/$Al_2O_3$ catalyst in terms of the catalyst stability, due to the retarding effect on the Rh-to-$Rh_2O_3$ transition by the addition of Ni. This result was confirmed by XRD, TEM, and TPR characterizations.